Aringazin* A.K., Santilli** R.M.
*Institute for Basic Research, Department of Theoretical Physics, Eurasian National University, Astana 473021 Kazakstan **Institute for Basic Research, P.O. Box 1577, Palm Harbor,
FL 34682, USA ibr@gte.net
A STUDY OF POLYCARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN MAGNEGASES
In this paper we study the structure and thermochemical properties of some new polycarbonyl compounds, with particular attention devoted to the study of (CO)n complexes, which are expected to be present in magnegases™. The latter are anomalous gases produced by Hadronic Reactors™ of molecular type [2] (Patented and Interna-tional Patents Pending) which expose atoms to the extremely intense electronmagnetic fields existing at atomic distances from electric arcs in such a way to create a toroidal distribution of the orbitals of individual atoms, whether isolated or part of a valence bond. Polarized atoms, dimers and molecules then attract each other via opposing magnetic polarities resulting into stable clusters which constitute a new chemical species called Santilli's magnecules [2]. Some of the numerous open problems in the study of this intriguing new chemical species are pointed out.
1. INTRODUCTION
In a recent paper [1], we overview the new chemical species of Santilli's magnecules [2, 3] which has been observed in magnegases™, the new gas produced by Hadronic Reactors™ of Molecular type, also called Plas-ma-ArcFlow Reactors™ (Patented and International Patents pending).
One of the hypotheses on the origin of bonds between diatomic molecules in magnecules is that atomic orbitals are polarized into a toroidal distribu-tion when under the influence of very strong external electromagnetic fields as available at atomic distances in PlasmaArc-Flow™ reactors. In this way, individual polarized atoms attract each other via opposing magnetic polarities. Therefore, the magnetic polarization and related bond here considered exist even for diamagnetic molecules such as H2 [2].
The isochemical approach developed by Santilli and Shillady [2, 3] has been used to study diatomic molecules [4-7], in order to extend the standard quantum chemical framework, and to achieve better numerical re-sults on their ground state energies and bond lengths. This Santilli-Shillady isochemical model of diatomic molecules uses additional short-range attractive two-parametric Hulten potential interactions between valence electron pairs which is assumed to be due to nonlinear, and other effects originating in the deep overlapping of wavepackets of atomic electrons in their singlet valence bond at short distances. The attractive Hulten potential leads to a specific correlation between two electrons called isoelectronium [2, 3]. The isoelectronium correlations may be responsible for the anomalous magnetic moments of the molecules, and thus for the specific bonds in magnecules.
Recent results on two-dimensional two-electron quantum tunnel effects with dissipation applied to diatomic H-H system [8] support the isoelectronium-like correlation between two electrons, in the two-dimen-
sional case. Consequently, we expect that isoelectroni-um-like correlations between the electrons due to the isochemical approach and to the tunnel effects can give an important contribution to the bonds between molecules in magnecules.
In addition to the main hypothesis of magnecules, it is instructive to analyze some other possible compounds which may be present in magnegases that could have a kind of conventional polycarbonyl structure. Since the mass-spectra of magnegases™ have not been identified as known compounds among about 130,000 chemical species, we conclude that the detected high mass species might be of some unusual types of polycarbonyl compounds, which are absent in computer database of the mass-spectrometer. Noting that most of extensively studied aldehydes and ketons (hydrocarbonates con-taining C=O group) are liquids at room temperatures it is quite natural that they are not present in mag-negases™ in a big percentage. So, we are led to consider those carbonyl compounds which are expected to be gases at room temperatures.
In the present paper, we focus on some polycarbon-yl compounds and their complexes which may be present in magnegas. An important note is that we do not study the origin of the specific bonds in magnecules that can be made elsewhere. Instead, we study some compounds formed by typical bonds. Consequently, our consideration is an attempt to identify chemical structures of some components of magnegas within the framework of typical chemical bonds. Clearly, such a consideration is helpful in identifying real structures of magnegas, since one can compare properties of the polycarbonyl compounds to currently available experimental data on mag-negases™. We believe that such a consideration is a necessary step toward the unraveling of the intriguing features of magnegas.
Moreover, the structure of the polycarbonyl compounds studied in this paper can be taken as a basis for the study of more general magnecules. The fact that one of the suggested structures of magnecules,
COxCOx...xCO [2], where x denotes a (magnetic) bond and CO is carbon monoxide, is known in practical chemistry, carbon monoxide complex (CO)6, serves us as a strong experimental ground to focus on the polycarbon-yl compounds. Another interesting experimental fact is that some polycarbonyl compounds are known to be gases, at room temperatures, so that they can be present in magnegases™.
In Sec. 2 we present some examples of polycarbonyl compounds. In Sec. 3, we study the structure and combustion of (CO)n complex. In Sec. 4, we consider possible hydrogen bonds between (CO)n complexes. In Sec. 5, we consider some other possible types of polycarbonyl compounds. In Sec. 6, we briefly outline the properties of the carbonyl C=O bond which are helpful in understanding of the behavior of polycarbonyl compounds under the influence of external electromagnetic field.
Our general remark is that the term "polycarbonyl compound" can be treated in a rather general form, without specifying the character of some bonds (conventional, or unconventional), but stressing only the presence of several C=O groups. Indeed, even the bond between C and O in the magnecules COxCOx.xCO [2], could not be of a conventional type, with some electronic effects playing an important role with interesting properties.
be produced from, e.g., some glicoles (containing the group -C-OH).
As mentioned in ref. [1] there is a case in which an explosive compound, potassium carbonyl,
6CO + 6K ^ K6(CO)6,
is produced. Such a compound is used to obtain unusual carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide complex), (CO)6. This compound is believed to exist due to a polymerization, namely, the structure (CO)6 is thought as being given by a sequential joining of separate CO (monomers) to a linear chain of CO molecules (polymer) owing to the C-C bonds.
3. (CO)N COMPLEX 3.1 Structure
c-c-c-c-c-c
O O O O O O Fig. 2. Possible polymer structure of (CO)6 complexes
2. SOME EXAMPLES OF POLYCARBONYL COMPOUNDS
We start by some characteristic examples of poly-carbonyl compounds, i.e. the compounds containing several carbonyl groups C=O.
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl, HCo(CO)4, containing both H and CO, is a gas, at room temperatures. Such type of a compound is known as somewhat unusual because a neutral metal is bonded to carbon monoxide CO, which mostly conserves its own properties. Another example is magnesium carbonyl, (CO)5-Mn-Mn-(CO)5 (melting point is 66°C), where the bond Mn - Mn is about 40 kcal/mol. Also, it is interesting to note that nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4, shown in Fig. 1, formed from Ni and CO at T = 80C, is a gas at room temperatures, and dissociates, Ni(CO)4 ^ Ni + 4CO, at T=200C.
Thus, the binding energy of the bond between Ni and each CO is about 30 kcal/mol, which is within the range given by the estimation [1],
B[magnecule] > 25...30 kcal/mol,
(1)
of the average binding energy between the molecules in magnecule. In general, various carbonyl compounds can
c
II
0
1
C = 0-Ni-0 = C
In Fig. 2 we present a linear chain of CO molecules (polymer) as a possible structure of (CO)6.
Owing to C-C bonds, a typical polymerization, e.g., of propylene, CH(CH3)CH2, is characterized by binding energies of about 73...83 kcal/mol, with the reaction heat of about AH = -20 kcal/mol per each molecule of the linear chain of polypropylene.
We see that the typical value of the binding energy of C-C is much bigger than 30...35 kcal/mol. However, some other types of intermolecular interaction between CO can also make a contribution here because of the specific electronic structure of CO molecule, and the real structure of (CO)6 may be different from that shown in Fig. 2. So, we could expect lower values of the binding energy between CO molecules in (CO)6, recalling that the above mentioned Ni(CO)4 dissociates at T = 200 °C.
Also, it is known that in tricarbonyl compounds (see Fig. 3), the central carbonyl group C=O is highly reac-tional since it is weakly bonded to the two neighbor C=O groups, and it can be easily decarbonylized (releasing of the central C=O group as carbon monoxide gas) by using catalysis with, e.g., AlC13. For the same reason the central carbonyl group C=O in tricarbonyl compounds easily reacts with water, becoming the HO-C-OH group due to the reaction C=O + H2O ^ HO-C-OH.
It is important to note that there may be also cyclic polycarbonyl structures (with all C atoms single bonded to each other to form a circle) which are characterized by higher stability than the linear ones so they could be either gas or liquid, at room temperatures.
O
II
c
Fig. 1. Ni(CO)4. Dissociation of this gas, Ni(CO)4 ^ Ni + 4CO, occurs at temperature Í = 200°C
R- C - C - C - R' II II II O O O
Fig. 3. A view of Tricarbonyl compounds
Aringazin A.K., Santilli R.M.
A Study of Polycarbonyl Compounds in Magnegases
30
Table 1
Average binding energi
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