ЯДЕРНАЯ ФИЗИКА, 2008, том 71, № 4, с. 753-756
= ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНЫЕ ЧАСТИЦЫ И ПОЛЯ
ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE FILLED UP WITH THE SCALAR GRAVITONS
© 2008 Yu. F. Pirogov
Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia Received April 13, 2007; in final form, September 12, 2007
The concept of the scalar graviton as the source of the dark matter and dark energy of the gravitaional origin is applied to study the evolution of the isotropic homogeneous Universe. A realistic self-consistent solution to the modified pure gravity equations, which correctly describes the accelerated expansion of the spatially flat Universe, is found and investigated. It is argued that the scenario with the scalar gravitons filling up the Universe may emulate the LCDM model, reducing thus the true dark matter in the given context to an artefact.
PACS:04.20.Cv, 95.35.+d, 98.80.-k
1. INTRODUCTION
According to the present-day cosmological paradigm our Universe is fairly isotropic, homogeneous, spatially flat, and experiences presently the accelerated expansion. The conventional description of the latter phenomenon is given by the model with the A term and the cold dark matter (CDM)1). Nevertheless, such a description may be just a phenomenological reflection of a more fundamental mechanism. A realistic candidate on such a role is presented in the given paper.
In a preceding paper [2], we proposed a modification of the General Relativity (GR), with the massive scalar graviton in addition to the massless tensor one2). The scalar graviton was put forward as a source of the dark matter (DM) and the dark energy (DE) of the gravitational origin. In [4], this concept was applied to study the evolution of the isotropic homogeneous Universe. The evolution equations were derived and the plausible arguments in favor of the reality of the evolution scenario with the scalar gravitons were presented.
In the present paper, we expose an explicit solution to the evolution equations in the vacuum, which gives the correct description of the accelerated expansion of the spatially flat Universe. It is shown that the emulation of the LCDM model can indeed be reached as it was anticipated earlier [4]. In Section 2, we first briefly remind the evolution equations in the vacuum filled up only with the scalar gravitons. Then
1)Hereof, the LCDM model. For a review on cosmology, see,
e.g., [1].
2)For a brief exposition of such a modified GR, see [3].
the master equation for the Hubble parameter is presented. Finally, a self-consistent solution of the latter equation, possessing the desired properties, is found and investigated. In Conclusion, the proposed solution to the DM and DE problems is recapitulated.
2. ACCELERATED EXPANSION Evolution Equations
We consider the isotropic homogeneous Universe without the true DM. Besides, we disregard the luminous matter missing thus the initial period of the Universe evolution. Then, the vacuum evolution equations look like3)
3 ( +4 ) = + (1) \Va/ a J mP
'a (a\2 k2 1 , .
2~+ - + —=--2^+PA),
a \a J a2 mP
with a(t) being the dynamical scale factor of the Universe, t being the comoving time, and a = da/dt, etc. In the above, k2 is proportional to the spatial curvature, with k2 = 0 for the spatially flat Universe. The parameter mP is the Planck mass.
On the r.h.s. of Eq. (1), pa and pA are the energy density and the pressure corresponding to the cosmo-logical constant A: pA = —pA = mPA > 0. Likewise, ps and ps are, respectively, the energy density and pressure of the scalar gravitons:
Ps = is + + ¿r) + m2A», (2)
3)We refer the reader to [4] for more details.
10 ЯДЕРНАЯ ФИЗИКА том 71 №4 2008
754
PIROGOV
Vs = is (
— 3-a — a — mnAs((j). a '
Here, fs = O(mP) is a constant with the dimension of mass entering the kinetic term of the scalar graviton field a. The latter in the given context looks like
a = 3 In ■
(3)
with a(t) being a nondynamical scale factor given a priori. The a field is defined up to an additive constant. Without any loss of generality, we can fix the constant by the asymptotic condition: a(t) ^ 0 at t Besides, As(a) is defined through
.
mP(As +A) = Fs + dVs/da,
where Vs(a) is the scalar graviton potential. More particularly, we put
(4)
H = aa 4
2
where H = a /a is the Hubble parameter and a = 2 (
mP
(6)
(7)
We assume that a = O(1). Substituting a given by Eq. (6) into the first equation of (1) we get the integro-
differential master equation for the Hubble parameter:
(81
+ I(As(<7)+A),
where it is to be understood
t
o = -j= H-H{r)dT. (9)
^ = Vb + l-m2sfs{a - oo)2 + O{(o- a0f) , (5)
with ao being a constant, fs(a — a0) being the physical field of the scalar graviton, and ms being the mass of the latter. By their nature, As and A are quite similar. To make the division onto these two parts unambiguous we normalize As by an additive constant so that As (0) = 0. Clearly, we get from Eq. (2) that ps + ps = f^o2. Here, the contribution of As exactly cancels what is quite similar to the relation Pa + pA = 0. So, the contribution of As is a kind of the DE. In what follows, we put a0 = 0 and V0 = mpA, with a ^ 0 at t ^ro becoming the ground state.
The nondynamical functions Vs and a being the two characteristics of the vacuum are not quite independent. More particularly, adopting the isotropic homogeneous ansatz for the solution of the gravity equations, with only one dynamical variable a, we tacitly put a consistency relation between aa and Vs. As a result, only one combination of the two equations of (1) is the true equation of evolution, with the second independent combination giving just the required consistency condition.
Master Equation
In what follows, we restrict ourselves by the case of the spatially flat Universe, k = 0. Subtracting the first equation of (1) from the second one and accounting for Eq. (2) we get the relation
Remind that we assume a(t) ^ 0 at t Equa-
tions (8) and (6) supersede the pair of the original evolution equations (1).
Self-Consistent Solution
Let us put in what follows As = 0. This will be justified afterwards. Iterating Eq. (8), with A considered as a perturbation, we can get the solution with any desired accuracy. In particular, substituting into the r.h.s. of Eq. (8) the solution H = a/t from the zeroth approximation (A = 0) we get the first approximation as follows:
h2
^2 + A J0(1) at f^O, ytJ 3 \o(l/t3) at 00,
or otherwise
H2 = {{tA/tf + 1) c
ta
a2/t2 at t/tA < 1, a2/tA at t/tA > 1,
(11)
with
tA
a
V^/3
(12)
being the characteristic time of the evolution of the Universe. Numerically, ta ~ 10 Gyr is of the order of the Universe age. Equation (11) is the basis for the qualitative discussion in what follows.
Integrating Eq. (11) we get the scale factor as follows:
In ■
a0
-ln
a
+ 1 —
ta
+
(13)
2
a
a
r^j
t
ftOEPHAfl OH3HKA tom 71 № 4 2008
ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
755
laln(t/tA) at t/tA < 1, [ at/tA at t/tA > 1,
where a0 is an integration constant4). Explicitly, the scale factor looks like
3a(2/3 - a)/t2 - a/t2A at t/tA < 1,
a ~
f (t/ta)a at t/tA < 1, [exp(at/ta) at t/tA > 1,
(14)
with tA bordering thus the epoch of the power-law expansion from the epoch of the exponential expansion. Equation (13) gives the two-parametric representation for the scale factor of the acceleratedly expanding Universe after the initial period.
With account for Eq. (9) the a field behaves as
a = —
d£
(t/tA )2
£(1 + £ )1/4
(15)
l2ln(t/ta) at t/tA < 1, ^ < _
[-4 TWi at t/tA> 1.
Note that at tA ^œ or, equivalently, A ^ 0 the integral above diverges and the a field cannot be normalized properly. A =0 is thus necessary as a regulator in the theory. Now, the consistency condition looks like
a = a exp(—a/3) ~ (16)
f (t/tA)a-2/3 at t/tA < 1, [exp (at/tA) at t/tA > 1-
Clearly, A should be already presupposed in a. Note that in the case a = 2/3, the parameter a is approximately constant at t/tA < 1.
Substituting Eqs. (11) and (6) into the first equation of (2) we can explicitly verify that
1 3a2
—Ps = ^r- O7)
mi
1
m
rVs
*A V(Wi)2 + 1
(18)
4)To phenomenologically account for the effect of the initial inflation we could formally shift the origin of time: t ^ t + t0, with to > 0.
(2a/tA )(tA/t)
at t/tA > 1.
This is to be anticipated already from the relation pA/mP = A, as well as Eq. (10) and the first line of Eq. (1). Clearly, ps is positive. At t/tA < 1 we get from Eqs. (14) and (17) that psa3 ~ t3a-2. In the case a = 2/3, wehave ps ~ 1/a3 as it should be for the true CDM. On the other hand, the pressure of the scalar gravitons is as follows:
3a2 2 a (tA/tf
At the same conditions as before, this is ps/mP = = -A/2, being near constant (though nonzero as it would be anticipated for the true CDM). Nevertheless, we see that the value a = 2/3 is exceptional in many respects. Conceivably, such a value is distinguished by a more fundamental theory.
Introducing the critical energy density pc = = 3mPH2, we get for the partial energy densities Qs = ps/pc and Qa = pA/pc, respectively, of the scalar gravitons and the A term the following:
"^mkp" 091
f 1 - (t/tA)2 at t/tA < 1, \(tA/t)2 at t/tA > 1,
with Qa = 1 - Qs. Note that Qs = QA = 1/2 at t/tA = 1. Presently, we have Qs/QA ~ 1/3 and thus the respective time t, without effect of the initial inflation, is somewhat larger than tA.
Finally, the condition As = 0 adopted earlier can be justified as follows. First of all, As is indeed negligible at t ^^ due to a ^ 0 and As(0) = 0. On the other hand, at t ~ tA we have |a|~ 1 and, hence, As ~ m2. For As to be negligible in this region too, we should require ms < VX ~ l/tA. Nevertheless, in the early period of evolution when |a| > 1 the contribution of As may be significant. The parameter a = 2/3 being fixed, the theory may be terminated just by two mass parameters: the ultraviolet mp and the infrared ¿71 ~ \/A or, otherwise, ms.
3. CONCLUSION
To conclude, let us recapitulate the proposed solution
Для дальнейшего прочтения статьи необходимо приобрести полный текст. Статьи высылаются в формате PDF на указанную при оплате почту. Время доставки составляет менее 10 минут. Стоимость одной статьи — 150 рублей.