научная статья по теме ANALYSES FAILURE REASONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES OF THE STEPPE AND ROLE OF TETRACLINIS ARTICULATA VAHL MASTER IN ITS ECO-DEVELOPMENT Комплексное изучение отдельных стран и регионов

Текст научной статьи на тему «ANALYSES FAILURE REASONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES OF THE STEPPE AND ROLE OF TETRACLINIS ARTICULATA VAHL MASTER IN ITS ECO-DEVELOPMENT»

ANALYSES FAILURE REASONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES OF THE STEPPE AND ROLE OF TETRACLINIS ARTICULATA VAHL MASTER IN ITS ECO-DEVELOPMENT

F. Toumi (Benali), M. Benyahia, A. Rahmani, M. Aicha

*Organization name: Fouzia Toumi Department of environnment sciences Faculty of sciences, Université de Sidi Bel Abbès 22000 BP 89 ALGERIA

E-mail: b81fazy@yahoo.fr

Received: 2 Oct 2007; accepted: 30 Nov 2007

The steppe in Algeria is a strategic space that opposes the desert extension; it covers more 20 millions of hectares and is actually exposed to an important deterioration. The different programs aimed at the protection and rehabilitation of this space that have been implemented have failed, further more they generated an aggravation of this deterioration. An analysis of the reasons of this failure allowed us to propose a new approach centred on the introduction of a very rustic plant and whose ecological impact could save the steppe.

Keywords: steppe, deterioration, strategy, impact

Post: Teacher at the University of Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of sciences (1995-2007). Scientific degree: Magister of applied ecology science.

Experience: Engineer in University (1988-1995); responsible of lessons (1995-2007). Scientific research project: Member of ecodevelopment spaces laboratory. Member of research projects nominate:

1. "Improvement of physicochemical characterised to the argillaceous soil"

2. "Improvement of cereals by method of varietal selection in the wilaya of Sidi Bel Abbes".

Fouzia Toumi

Mohamed Benyahia

Post: Teacher at the University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of sciences (1981-2007). Scientific degree: Master of conferences.

Experience: Twelve International and National publications and Communications, in most field "biosedimentology, geology, stratigraphy, environment, regional planning, valorization of the plants, impact of pollution on water, Physiological and physico-chemical diagnosis of Tetraclinis articulata. Scientific research project: Member of ecodevelopment spaces laboratory, member of most research programs, for example: "Program integrated in Eco-development", "The dynamics of the sedimentary basins of Western northern Algeria", "Protection and development of the ecosystems". Member of research projects nominate: Chief of two projects: "Biosedimentary diagnosis of a limnic ecosystem" and "Improvement of the production of cereals in semi-arid zone".

Introduction

The economical and social development of a region depends upon a rational management of its physical, biological and socio-economic environment. Enormous potentialities in terms of natural resources risk to be irreversibly compromised by the climate evolution and the socio-economic mutations in the steppe which remains the ultimate natural barrier against the desert extension. This space is seriously threatened by the desertification process [1].

Many specialists have insisted on the necessity of adopting urgent and adequate solutions to remedy to this situation.

Numerous works done in the last four decades reveal progressive degradation of the steppe vegetal cover and the soil. The aim of this work is the evaluation of the phyto-ecological impact of the implementation of a rustic vegetal specie; the Tetraclinis articulata which presents interesting characteristics such as the adaptation to the climate conditions, the soil and the social context of the area.

International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 5 (61) 2008

© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2008

Theoretical analysis

Socio-economic and ecological generalities of the steppe

a. Geographical delimitation of the steppe The Algerian Steppe constitutes a vast region that spreads from the South of the Atlas of the Sahara, (Fig. 1) forming a band of 1000 km length and 300 km large, and is reduced to less than 150 km in the East. It occupies a surface of 36 millions of hectares but counts 20 millions of hectares of course [2]. The Annual average rain precipitations in the northern limits are 400 mm while those of the south are 100 mm [3].

Légende

□ Tellian area

□ Substeppic area Steppic area Subsaharian area Saharian area

Région saharienne

central and southern plains and the South side of the Atlas of the Sahara. The courses are of unequal quality and the pastoral load is there weaker (2 sheep to the maximum ha).

Zone 4: 10 thousands hectares, with an annual average rain fall of 100 mm to 200 mm. It is situated in the south of the Hodna and South of the Atlas. The pastoral load is very low (20 to 60 times less than that of zone 2). The real potentialities of these regions represent, actually, half of their surface, because of the immense abandoned areas, due to a lack of points of water. The Steppe is essentially composed of a varied herbaceous stratum of vivacious and ephemeral species. Generally there are thee dominant flora species: the esparto (Stipa tenacissima L.), the Artemisia (Artemisia herba Alba L) and the false esparto (Lygeum spartum), (Fig. 2 and 3) [7].

Scale: 1/200.000ème

Fig. 1. The card of situation of the steppe area [4], saharian area, subsaharian area, steppic area, tellian area

b. Climate, vegetation and soil

The steppe is characterized by a semi-arid climate in the northern regions and an arid climate in the South. The average rain precipitations are comprised between 400 mm and 100 mm, which is not enough for an intensive agricultural usage. In dry years, the whole steppe receives less than 250 mm of rain; these isohyets spread up until the Tell.

The vegetation of the steppe is short and discontinuous,

composed of herbaceous plants, generally in tufts. This

vegetation varies by its floristic composition and its

density and constitutes the fundamental stake of the

pastor's life. It determines human displacements and his

parking areas with his herds [5].

There are four zones in the Algerian steppe [6].

Zone 1: 700,000 to 1000,000 hectares; with an annual

average of 400 mm of rain, it is mainly the domain of

scrubs, the garrigues and the forests of the Saharian

Atlas.

Zone 2: 3.5 to 4 thousands hectares, it receives 300 to 400 mm of rain. It is t the most favoured zone, situated on the South fringe of the tellian Atlas. It is the zone of the big tracts which is exposed to an important pastoral load (2 to 4 sheep in the hectare). It is occupied however by the profitable culture of cereals in rainy season. Zone 3: 5 to 6 thousands hectares with an annual average of 200 to 300 mm of rain. It is la region of the high

Fig. 2. The forest deteriorate with the under wood of the Stipa

Fig. 3. The ground of the Stipa deteriorate and association with the Artemisia

More than thirty other species vegetate at different periods of the year. The esparto and the Artemisia occupy for their part almost 7,000,000 hectares while the Lygeum occupies 3,000,000 hectares. Generally, numerous halophytes species occupy the salty soils in the vicinity of the chotts [5].

The pastoral surfaces offer substantial food diversity considering the species diversity [8].

Международный научный журнал «Альтернативная энергетика и экология» № 5 (61) 2008 © Научно-технический центр «TATA», 2008

c. Entropic factors

The national ovine livestock is the first supplier of red meat, with 68,000 tons in 1983. It provided 75 % of the 2,996,000 produced quintals. Its contribution to national economy is important insofar as it represents a capital of more than 1000000000 dinars.

In 1985, on a national 15,500,000 heads, some 11,500,000 heads remained confined in the steppe. In 1996 the number of the ovine livestock rose to 17,301,000 heads of which 75 % concentrated in the steppe zone [9].

The steppe and its difficulties An arid steppe is an environment which, by definition, offers extreme conditions for the establishment and the survival of perennial vegetation which plays a fundamental role in the structure and the functioning of the ecosystem. Despite all the national programs applied to it the steppe zone remains subjected to the degradations and very low rate of successful plantations. The consequences which ensue are alarming, and are characterised by the alteration of soils, the intense erosion and a diminution of its biological potential [10]. The natural vegetal cover is continuously subjected to a double impact: that of the soil and the climate on one side and the anthropogenic on the other side [11].

a. Chronicle of the applied strategies

The steppe has been the object of many development

projects since 1962.

This period is characterised by too significant steps: * The First period 1962 to 1980: the state attempted to organize the pastoral populations by grouping them in cooperatives on much delimited territories, the objective was to organize these populations to allow a rational use of the courses. The number of created cooperatives was very low in relation to the autochthonous population, the delimited zones were not in adequacy with the habits of the breeders and the way of life of these inhabitants has been disturbed. It resulted in an abandonment of this politics and a pure and simple disappearance of these cooperatives.

This period is also characterised by the enactment of the charter carrying agrarian revolution notably the pastoral code. Its objective was the planning integration of the space and the radical transformation of the social behaviour and the system of production without a real knowledge their social system. This period distinguishes itself by three important facts but without positive effects on the steppe.

- The agrarian revolution: with a strategy based on the organization of the agro-pastors in cooperatives those impact on the behaviour of the breeders was negative. This phase did only concern 3 % of the breeders of the whole region and solely 5 % of the livestock of the steppe. The state also sustained the food of the ovine by importing barley those consequences were ne

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