научная статья по теме BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THIOUREA IN AMELIORATING HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS BY ENHANCING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN WHEAT Биология

Текст научной статьи на тему «BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THIOUREA IN AMELIORATING HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS BY ENHANCING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN WHEAT»

ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ, 2015, том 62, № 6, с. 884-892

ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ АСПЕКТЫ

УДК 581.1

BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THIOUREA IN AMELIORATING HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS BY ENHANCING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE

SYSTEM IN WHEAT1

© 2015 B. Asthir*, R. Thapar*, N. S. Bains**, M. Farooq***

*Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India **Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India ***Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Received April 21, 2014

In this study, effect of exogenously applied thiourea (TU, 6.6 mM) and dithiothreitol (DTT, 0.07 mM) as seed pretreatment or as foliar spray (at 90 days after sowing) in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvs. C 306 (heat tolerant) and PBW 343 (heat susceptible) at seedling and reproductive stages under high temperature (HT) stress was investigated. The heat tolerant cv. C 306 exhibited much lower membrane injury index (MII), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and H2O2 contents, but such effect was not accompanied by higher activities of the enzymes involved in the reactive oxygen species scavenging system during both developmental stages. Application of TU under HT reduced MII and TBARs and H2O2 contents, but as a rule did not affect activities of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore pretreatment by TU/DTT, no doubt, improved the resistance against oxidative stress through increase in membrane stability parameters but their effect on antiox-idant enzymes was not apparent under the prevailing conditions of the experiment.

Keywords: Triticum aestivum — antioxidant enzymes — membrane injury — lipid peroxidation — thiourea — high temperature

DOI: 10.7868/S0015330315050048

INTRODUCTION

Heat stress is one of the important abiotic stresses hindering productivity in many areas in the world. It threatens plant growth and development and may lead to drastic reduction in economic yield of plants [1]. As a result, many studies have been emphasized on the mechanism of heat stress. High temperature (HT) induces numerous biochemical changes leading to the production of ROS such as lipid peroxide, singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals [2]. ROS production is controlled by enzymatic system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.7), and catalase (CAT;

1 This text was submitted by the authors in English.

Abbreviations'. APX — ascorbate peroxidase; CAT — catalase; DAS — days after sowing; DPA — days post anthesis; GPX — guaia-col peroxidase; GR — glutathione reductase; HT — high temperature; MII — injury index; SOD — superoxide dismutase; TBARs — thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TU — thiourea; NBT — nitro blue tetrazolium.

Corresponding author. B. Asthir. Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India; fax. 0091 (161) 2400945; e-mail. b.asthir@rediffmail.com

EC 1.11.1.6) [3] and antioxidants (ascorbate, tocopherol). A number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ROS scavenging mechanisms that play an important role in protecting plants against HT stress [4, 5]. High temperature tolerant genotypes possess superior expression and levels of anti-oxidant system. Consequently, development of heat-tolerant cultivars is of major concern in wheat breeding programme. However, the physiological and biochemical basis of HT tolerance remains poorly understood.

The plant stress tolerance can be improved by various means, the most important of which include the exogenous use of stress alleviating agents. For instance, application of thiols not only enhances crop productivity, but also do not lead to any kind of metabolic imbalances. Thiols are selected as they are well-known to maintain the redox state (-SH/—S—S-ratio) of the cell and its proper functioning under stress conditions [6]. Thiols play a crucial role in influencing metabolic reactions in plants under stress conditions [7]. Since, the redox states of thiols improves stress tolerance, it is quite possible that seed pretreatment with

PBW 343 C 306 PBW 343 C 306

Shoot Root

Fig. 1. Effect of TU, DTT, and high temperature (32°C) on MII (a), TBARs (b), and H2O2 (c) contents in shoot and root of two wheat cvs. PBW 343 and C 306.

1 — 25°C, 2 — 32°C. Bars represent ± SD of three independent experiments. Different lower case letters denote significant differences among values (p < 0.01). Significant differences between cvs represented as a; between TU and DTT as b; between temp as c.

external thiols might result in switching on some metabolic processes in order to combat oxidative stress. Improvement in plant growth and development under different stresses due to application of thiourea (TU) has been observed in crops like maize [8], wheat [9—11], pearl millet [12], cluster bean [13], and Brassica [14]. Our work published earlier [11] emphasized the role of TU under HT stress on photosynthetic tissue (flag

leaf) which improved wheat performance by enhancing membrane stability, antioxidant potential, and yield components.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of TU/DTT at early stage of seedling (root, shoot) and during reproductive stage (grains) to see how two different stages are affected under the influence of HT.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material and growth conditions. Seeds of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvs. C 306 (tolerant) and PBW 343 (susceptible) were obtained from the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetic, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Seeds were surface sterilized with 1% HgCl2 for 1 min, rinsed thoroughly with distilled water and imbibed in distilled water, thiourea (TU, 6.6 mM) or dithiothreitol (DTT 0.07 mM) for 6 h and germinated at 25°C (normal) and 32°C (high temperature, HT) in Petri dishes (9.0 cm) on double layer Whatman 1 filter paper moistened with 5 mL of distilled water. Twenty seedlings were used in each experiment and each experiment was repeated in triplicates. A seed was considered to have germinated when its radical emerged at least 5 mm.

The experiment was divided in four sets. One set of seeds was grown at 25 ± 1°C in continuous dark conditions in Petri plates containing germination paper moistened with 4 mL of distilled water. Second set was maintained to a continuous HT (32 ± 1°C) in an incubator under dark. Third set of seeds were soaked for 6 h in TU or DTT and then raised at 25 ± 1°C in continuous dark conditions, and fourth set of seedlings were soaked in TU or DTT as depicted in set three but maintained at continuous HT (32 ± 1°C) conditions. Uniform sized wheat seedlings were sampled after sixth day of germination, and the measurements were performed on root and shoot in triplicates.

For studies on developing grains, two genotypes PBW 343 and C 306 pretreated with TU (6.6 mM), i.e seed soaking at the time of sowing, followed by foliar spray at 90 days after sowing (DAS) were raised under normal (16 Nov 2010) and late planting (11 Dec 2010) conditions in plots and the mean temperature during grain development for two sowing period varied between 4—6°C. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of 1 m each. Row to row spacing was maintained at 23 cm and the material was sown in three replications. There were three replications for each determination and the developing grains were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post anthesis (DPA) for metabolite determination and enzyme analysis.

Determination of membrane injury index (MII). 0.5 g fresh tissue was excised and washed with distilled water to remove adhering electrolytes. The tissue was then immersed in test tubes containing 20 mL of distilled water. After 24 h the MII was estimated by conductivity meter at 25°C. The sample was

then boiled for 30 min and conductivity was measured again. Membrane injury index was calculated as a ratio of electrical conductivity before and after boiling and was expressed in percentage.

Determination of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxid-tion was determined as content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) content with the formation of colored complexes of thiobarbituric acid in acid medium, and the content of TBARs (MDA) was calculated with s = 155/(mM cm) [15].

Determination of hydrogen peroxide content. Tissue (0.3 g fr wt) was homogenized with 3 mL of 1% (w/v) TCA. The homogenates were centrifuged at 10000 g (4°C) for 10 min. Subsequently, 0.75 mL of the super-natants were added to 0.75 mL of 10 mM K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 1.5 mL of 1 M KI. H2O2 content of the supernatant was evaluated by comparison of the absorbance values at 390 nm to a standard calibration curve in the range of 10 to 200 nmol [16].

Enzyme extraction and assays. Root, shoot, and developing grains (1 g) were homogenized with 3 mL of ice-cold 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10000 g for 20 min at 4°C and clear supernatant was used for assaying enzymes activities.

APX activity was determined by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 280 nm due to ascorbate oxidation (s = 2.8/(mM cm)) in a reaction mixture containing 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.5 mM ascorbic acid, 0.1 mM EDTA for three min and the enzyme activity was expressed as ^mol ascorbate oxi-dized/(min mg protein) [17].

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