ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЗЕМЛИ ИЗ КОСМОСА, 2007, № 4, с. 39-50
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ ^^^^^^^^^^ ИНФОРМАЦИИ О ЗЕМЛЕ
УДК 551.521
Dedicated to the memory of Academician K.Ya. Kondratyev
INTEGRATED SATELLITE-AIRBORNE TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITOR OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE ZONES ("HOT SPOTS") AND DIAGNOSIS OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINED STABILITY
© 2007 г. V. V. Melentyev*, V. I. Chernook, L. H. Pettersson
^International Foundation "Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center", St. Petersburg *State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. St. Petersburg Institute of Marine Fishery Fleet Designing GYPRO Ryb Flot, St. Petersburg Environmental Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway E-mail: vladimir.melentyev@niersc.spb.ru Received on November 20, 2006
Multi-spectral airborne sensors and satellite SAR survey are used as a tool for designing of integrated technology for monitor of biological hot spot zones (BAZ) - the specific water areas situated in the Arctic, Atlantic and North Pacific where biological activity in aquatic environment is concentrated. Results of practical application of integrated technology for detecting of BAZ regarding to foraging and reproduction migration of white whales, harp seals and Pacific walruses are presented. Examples of diagnosis of the marine environment sustained stability and security by using aquatic species as an indicator of ecosystem welfare are presented. Climatic aspects of the problem resulted in displacement of BAZ in the Arctic and sub-Arctic owing to the climate change are considered. Suggestions on development of the National decision making system for satellite-airborne management and protection of sea life in the Polar region are discussed. The paper is dedicated to the memory of Academician K.Ya. Kondratyev - pioneer of aerospace investigations in Russia, founder and longstanding editor-on-chief of the Journal "Earth Observations and Remote Sensing".
INTRODUCTION
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Academician K.Ya. Kondratyev (1920-2006) - outstanding Russian scientist, world-famed pioneer of aerospace investigations and undisputed leader of numerous national and international scientific programs of satellite-airborne investigations of the Earth as a planet [1]. First of them was the Soviet-American Experiment in space meteorology and space oceanography "BESEX" that was performed in the Bering Sea in February-March 1973 [2, 3].
The main objective of the "BESEX" was providing a joint Russian-American comprehensive studies of the Earth and atmosphere as a system, development a new satellite-airborne technologies for diagnosis of Arctic environment and revealing of ice cover and wavy sea parameters in the Bering Sea and surrounding waters, multi-spectral charting precipitation, water vapor and liquid water content.
In frame of the "BESEX" program the Russian team had used the flying laboratory of Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO) Iljushin-18, research vessel "Priboy", and satellite "Meteor" data [4, 5]. MGO flying laboratory was well-equipped with different instruments and tools, including the radar system, passive microwave scanner and polarymeters for the first time in the world installed onboard the research aircraft [6].
NASA team had used the research aircraft Convey-er-990 "Gallileo-1" and coast guard icebreaker "Staten Island". Multi-spectral observations were performed by satellite "Nimbus-7" . Top-ranked American researches Dr W. Nordberg, Dr W. Campbell, Dr P. Gloersen and other prominent scientists from different NASA and NOAA institutions had participated in these joint Russian-American investigations of the Arctic environment.
By a negligible margin later, - since middle 1970s, we began to apply the multi-spectral satellite and airborne data for bio-monitor of the Arctic and sub-Arctic aquatic environment [7 - 9]. From the earliest steps of these hydro-biological remotely studies Academician K.Ya. Kondratyev had very supported this idea of comprehensive multi-level studies of icy waters as habitat of ice form of aquatic mammals. According to his opinion only the integrated approach can help to move forward in accurately assessment of the rate of sustained stability of aquatic ecosystem and the tendency of eco-dynamics of marine environment.
In our studies of behavior ecology of ice form of marine mammals we pinned our hopes firstly on necessity of knowledge of regional features of ice regime of and winter hydrology of studied marginal Arctic seas and inland water bodies.
But the main our expectancies were rested upon the advantages of application use of multi-spectral SAR/ASAR/ALSAR survey that allows provide subsurface sounding of ice. Initially we had used for our biological studies airborne SAR/SLR [7] and later - satellite "Almaz" and ERS/RADARSAT/Envisat SAR data [10].
The first large-scale experiment aiming on study ice as abiotic factor of ecology of Greenland seals White Sea population (or harp seals) with applying of satellite SAR in combination with sub-satellite in situ observations and airborne measurements was provided in February-March 1998. It allows fixing the variability of SAR signatures of different types of ice and establishing connection of the location of whelping rookeries of harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) with the certain type of brackish-water ice, the type of winter severity and what is more - with the specific patterns of ice and water exchange between the White Sea and surrounding water areas.
The subsequent hydro-biological studies of behavior ecology of marine mammals and their foraging and reproduction migration with using satellite SAR/ASAR imagery and airborne multi-spectral data were provided in frame of many national and international Projects [11, 12]. The habitat of different aquatic species inhabited in the different marginal Arctic seas and sub-Arctic inland water bodies (harp seals and grey seals, ringed seals, whales, walruses, sea birds and fishes) resided in marine and an inland water bodies was investigated.
These multi-level studies allow developing a new technology and design highly sensitive airborne sensors for detecting and documentary charting of the location of biological active zones (BAZ), or so-called biological "hot spots" [13].
Long-term investigations of the specific features of BAZ were performed in the Arctic, North Atlantic and North Pacific. Marine ecosystems of the White and
Barents seas, the Norwegian and Baltic seas as well the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk were investigated with using the research aircraft Antonov-26 "Arktika" well-equipped with contemporary devices and tools. The specific features of reproduction behavior of ice form of seals inhabited in very peculiar inland water bodies as the Caspian Sea and Ladoga Lake were studied at this time also.
Since March 2005 we apply a new flying laboratory L-410 belonged to the Institute of Marine Fishery Fleet Designing (GYPRO Ryb Flot) - fig. 1. This aircraft was instrumented with improved and perfected multi-spectral sensors and auxiliary devices.
Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ASAR) is used now as a basic tool for bio-monitor of polytypic icy waters and their inhabitants.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND TASKS
- Further development of satellite-airborne technology for monitor of BAZ and diagnosis of the aquatic ecosystem sustained stability and security;
- Thematic interpretation of satellite SAR - airborne survey, detecting and charting biological "hot spots" situated in different part of the Arctic, Atlantic and North Pacific;
- Revealing and classification of the specific features of BAZ with reference to different aquatic species: white whales (belugas), harp seals, Pacific walruses, sea birds and others;
- Multi-disciplinary investigations of biological "hot spots" as an indicator of the sustainable stability and climatic sensitivity of aquatic environment; assessment the rate of welfare of different representatives of marine mammals;
- Working out the suggestions for designing of decision making system for satellite-airborne manage-
ment of aquatic environment and creation of the National Service of Sea Life Protection.
THE ORIGIN OF BAZ
As it proved in frame of multi-disciplinary ship-borne investigations and studies, the Arctic seas and large fresh-water lakes can looks spacious and vast but biological activity and mass aggregations of marine mammals, sea birds and fishes are concentrated mainly in separate isolated water areas - so-called biological "hot spots" [13 - 16]. Presence of marine mammals and sea birds at these places is a sure sign of environment sustained stability and ecological safety.
According to our approach biological "hot spots" in the marine and inland water bodies are determined as the specific water areas where biological activity in the aquatic environment is concentrated temporally or lasting long. Two types of BAZ sharply divided in time and some case in field were fixed in frame of our satellite-airborne studies - foraging type and reproduction type of BAZ [13].
The origin of biological "hot spots" in marginal seas and fresh-water basins is connected with different oceanological and hydrological processes. That are the frontal zones and meandering structures, zone of convergence (divergence), mushroom structures, zones of splitting or joining of stable currents (warm and cold streams) as well zones of intensive vertical water exchange, i.e., eddy structures, upstream and upwelling, downstream and down welling, and etc.
Different meteorological processes and atmospheric phenomena, and first of all the surface wind, can provoke formation of the specific biological active zones or contribute intensification and strengthening of biological activity within the being existed BAZ.
As it was discovered by Russian and foreign scientists the appearance of BAZ is densely connected with spatial heterogeneity of bathymetry, i.e., the spatial variability of the floor patte
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