научная статья по теме INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS AN INDICATOR OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY Экономика и экономические науки

Текст научной статьи на тему «INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS AN INDICATOR OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY»

Intellectual property as an indicator of innovative development of the national economy

L.N. Perepechko,

канд. физ.-мат. наук, Начальник Отдела инновационной, прикладной и внешнеэкономической деятельности, Институт теплофизики им. С.С. Кутателадзе Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (630090, Россия, г. Новосибирск, пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 1; e-mail: ludmila@itp.nsc.ru)

E.A. Rukhlinskaya,

инженер Отдела инновационной, прикладной и внешнеэкономической деятельности, Институт теплофизики им. С.С. Кутателадзе Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (630090, Россия, г. Новосибирск, пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 1; e-mail: fidler@itp.nsc.ru)

Аннотация. В данной работе для анализа экономических процессов и прогнозирования развития определенных областей промышленности и технологий предлагается использовать данные об интеллектуальной собственности и её динамике. Проведенный анализ показывает, что интеллектуальная собственность является хорошим показателем при сравнении экономик отдельных стран. Она служит критерием наличия высоких технологий в стране и степени вовлеченности технологий в хозяйственный оборот. Можно прогнозировать, что страны, у которых наблюдается положительная тенденция патентования изобретений, в ближайшее время будут иметь высокий уровень инновационного развития экономики и занимать лидирующие позиции на рынке производства высокотехнологичных товаров.

Abstract. In this paper, for the analysis of economic processes and predict the development of certain industries and technologies are encouraged to use the data on intellectual property and its dynamics. The conducted analysis shows that intellectual property is a good indicator when comparing the economies of individual countries. It serves as a criterion for the availability of high technologies in the country and indicates the stage of hightech involvement in the country's economy. One can expect that the countries with positive trend in patenting of inventions will have in the near future a high level of innovation-driven economy development and dominate in the global market of high-tech products.

Ключевые слова: интеллектуальная собственность, экономическое развитие, твердые бытовые отходы, экологически безопасное сжигание.

Keywords: intellectual property rights, economic development, municipal solid waste, environmentally safe incineration.

Introduction

There are a large number of methods developed to forecast the global economy evolution as well as economic advancement of certain countries [1]. Different indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP) and its growth rate, human capital development indices, the level of prices, consumption standard, etc are used to compare the economies of various countries. To compare the innovative development of the particular economy, one can use the inventive activity factors, intellectual property utilization rate and other indicators.

In this paper it is proposed to use the data on intellectual property (IP), owned by the country, its share in the global IP, as well as time history of the IP in a specific area of expertise, to determine the degree of economy development and forecasting the economy diversification in certain areas based on a comprehensive analysis.

Chapter 1. The importance of the indicator representing the availability and time history of national IP in a specific technical area. Problems in development of the Russian economy.

Currently human civilization is developing along the extensive way: the increase in energy consumption and natural resources, as well as production of consumer goods and food is disproportional in relation to population growth [2]. For example, from 2000 to 2010 the world population has grown from 6.1 to 7 billion people, whereas the gross world product (GWP) increased from 42.4 to

74.9 trillion US dollars. The cost and the service life of goods are reduced, vanishes such a thing as a repair. In this race of technology, GDP growth and living standards, the advantages pertain to the countries, which are the first to conquer the markets of the pioneer high-tech products.

The companies and the state protect their intellectual property for the following reasons:

1) scientists can get royalty fees on the sale of their rights to the invention to industrial enterprise;

2) companies protect their markets against the penetration of the competitors and profit maximization through mass production of high-tech innovative new products.

The intellectual property is protected both in the product manufacturing countries and the countries of product markets. At that, on the stage of the innovation life cycle, the number of inventions (IP) relating to a given innovation is maximal at the stage of design and development work, industrial engineering and production of pilot batches of the product.

Therefore, from the analysis of patents and patent applications filed in the patent offices we can get the following information:

1. what research direction is the most promising and relevant;

2. what kind of products and technologies are coming to market in the near future ;

3. which countries will be the suppliers of the equipment in certain areas;

4. which countries will be the leaders in terms of the GDP growth rate.

Intellectual property is an indicator showing the availability of high technology in the country possessing export potential.

At present, the development of innovative economy in Russia, as compared to developed countries and emergent nations, is encountered a problem of weak involvement of the scientific and technological results (R&D) in the national economic turnover (just a few percent of the created intellectual property is demanded in the market). This statement is supported by the following facts:

• l ow relative production of high-tech products as compared with developed countries;

• a small number of industrial enterprises engaged in technological innovation;

• small relative volume of investment into R&D of industrial enterprises and the private economy sector.

Over the last years, a discrepancy between the amount of expenditure on R&D and the return on scientific developments in the form of new products and employed advanced technologies is gradually increasing. The domestic public spending on R&D in monetary terms increased during the period from 2000 to 2008 more than 4 times (or 1.5 times if calculated at constant prices), the amount of re-

search funding in monetary terms raised over the same period by factor of 5 (or twice if calculated at constant prices), whereas the impact of such costs decreased. By the end of 2007, the proportion of new products in the total amount of goods and services was just 5.5%, and the proportion of conceptually new products in the industrial production was 0.4%. [3, 4].

Low susceptibility of the real sector to innovations is related to the general status of fiscal and monetary policy of the state, the situation in the state's industry, the availability of high-tech manufacturing and its growth.

As an example, let us investigate the relationship between the growth rate of intellectual property (IP) in various countries and GDP growth rate.

Table 1 presents GDP data of the countries in the proportion of global GDP [5]. The selection of countries was made as follows: representative countries of the advanced (post-industrial) economy, the so-called G-7 countries (Group of Seven countries): USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, and Canada), the fast developing countries (BRICs: Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and Asian countries with no natural resources, developing through the use of imported high technology: South Korea and Malaysia.

GDP of various countries presented in the proportion of global GDP on an annual basis (1992-2009)

Table 1

Year USA Russia China Japan Germany Malaysia France Brazil India * Canada South Korea

1992 22.75 4.19 4.31 9.22 5.85 0.40 4.00 3.30 3.04 3.61 2.04 1.48

1993 22.94 3.75 4.82 9.05 5.69 0.43 3.88 2.99 3.13 3.62 2.04 1.54

1994 23.15 3.18 5.29 8.85 5.66 0.45 3.85 3.07 3.22 3.66 2.08 1.63

1995 22.91 2.94 5.66 8.71 5.57 0.48 3.80 3.15 3.34 3.64 2.06 1.71

1996 22.93 2.74 6.01 8.62 5.43 0.51 3.70 3.18 3.46 3.61 2.02 1.71

1997 22.96 2.66 6.30 8.40 5.30 0.53 3.63 3.13 3.66 3.58 2.02 1.79

1998 23.39 2.46 6.62 8.03 5.28 0.48 3.67 3.10 3.76 3.62 2.05 1.65

1999 23.71 2.53 6.89 7.75 5.20 0.49 3.66 3.03 3.76 3.62 2.09 1.77

2000 23.56 2.65 7.13 7.61 5.13 0.51 3.63 2.93 3.75 3.59 2.10 1.84

2001 23.29 2.73 7.55 7.45 5.08 0.50 3.62 2.92 3.81 3.60 2.09 1.87

2002 23.07 2.78 8.01 7.27 4.94 0.51 3.56 2.90 3.87 3.57 2.10 1.95

2003 22.83 2.88 8.52 7.12 4.76 0.52 3.47 2.89 4.00 3.55 2.06 1.93

2004 22.54 2.94 8.92 6.96 4.59 0.53 3.37 2.82 4.11 3.49 2.02 1.93

2005 22.28 2.99 9.46 6.83 4.43 0.53 3.30 2.84 4.29 3.41 2.00 1.93

2006 21.76 3.08 10.14 6.63 4.36 0.54 3.21 2.79 4.48 3.33 1.95 1.94

2007 21.08 3.17 11.00 6.45 4.25 0.54 3.12 2.76 4.68 3.25 1.90 1.93

2008 20.52 3.25 11.74 6.20 4.18 0.55 3.04 2.79 4.84 3.16 1.86 1.92

2009 20.14 3.02 12.90 5.92 4.01 0.55 2.99 2.85 5.16 3.03 1.82 1.94

Over 20 years, the proportion of China's GDP grew by almost a factor of 3 (i.e. the growth rate of China's GDP overtake the world average growth rate of GDP). Besides China, the heightened rates of GDP growth have also India, South Korea and Malaysia. GDP growth rate in Russia, Brazil

and Canada remain almost unchanged within a certain narrow range.

It is interesting to trace the relationship between GDP and intellectual property (IP) for different countries.

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) [6], the number of patent ap-

plications is growing every year, and from 1990 to 2009 has increased by almost a factor of 2. Moreover, the proportion of patent applications of nonresidents in the total number of patent applications is also growing, as patents are increasingly being used to protect the IP rights on foreign markets.

Russia ranks 6th

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