научный журнал по биологии Генетика ISSN: 0016-6758

АНДРОНОВ Е.Е., ВОРОБЬЕВ Н.И., ИГОЛКИНА А.А., КИМЕКЛИС А.К., ПРОВОРОВ Н.А. — 2015 г.

Путем высокопроизводительного секвенирования фрагмента гена nodA изучен популяционный полиморфизм клубеньковых бактерий Rhizobium leguminosarum (bv. viciae, bv. trifolii) в ризосферной почве и клубеньках бобовых растений из разных групп перекрестной инокуляции (Vicia sativa, Lathyrus pratensis – группа вики/чины/гороха, Trifolium hybridum – группа клевера). При переходах бактерий из ризосферы в клубеньки частоты 10 из 23 операционных таксономических единиц (ОТЕ), выявленных при 95%-ном уровне сходства, достоверно возрастают либо снижаются в зависимости от вида растения-хозяина и филогенетического положения ОТЕ. Статистический и биоинформатический анализ популяционных структур ризобий позволил предположить, что отбор, вызывающий эти изменения, является дизруптивным на уровне всей популяции и частотно-зависимым на уровне отдельных ОТЕ, обеспечивая дивергентную эволюцию бактерий, взаимодействующих с разными видами растений-хозяев.

БАБУШКИНА Н.П., БРАГИНА Е.Ю., ГОНЧАРОВА И.А., ЕРЕМИНА Е.Р., КУЛИШ Е.В., КУЧЕР А.Н., МАКЕЕВА О.А., ПУЗЫРЕВ В.П. — 2015 г.

Охарактеризована изменчивость потенциально функционально значимых полиморфных вариантов rs2069705 (5UTR гена IFNG), rs17880053 (вблизи 5UTR гена IFNGR2), rs11126176 (псевдоген LOC100287361) и rs804271 (вблизи 5UTR гена NEIL2) у представителей четырех этнических групп, проживающих в Сибирском регионе: трех коренных монголоидных этносов – якутов (жители Республики Саха (Якутия)), тувинцев (Республика Тува) и бурят (Республика Бурятия), а также пришлого русского населения (г. Томск). Все изученные варианты были полиморфными. Частота аллеля С по rs2069705 у русских составила 0.5833, у представителей коренных народностей находилась в границах 0.7842–0.8967; частота делеции по rs17880053 у русских – 0.8073, у коренных этносов – 0.4474–0.5521; частота аллеля А по rs11126176 была равна 0.5398 у русских и с меньшей величиной регистрировалась у коренных этносов – 0.2722–0.4551; по rs804271 частота аллеля G у русских – 0.5215 и у коренных этносов – 0.2527–0.4022. По генотипической структуре пришлое русское население существенно дистанцировано от монголоидных коренных популяций – генетические дистанции между русскими и якутами – 0.0742, русскими и тувинцами – 0.1365, русскими и бурятами – 0.1433. Среди монголоидных коренных этносов Сибири наиболее удалены друг от друга тувинцы и якуты – 0.0262, генетические дистанции между якутами и бурятами были равны 0.0151, между бурятами и тувинцами – 0.0127.

БЕЛЯНИНА С.И. — 2015 г.

Проведен цитогенетический анализ Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Chironomidae, Diptera) из ряда водоемов различного типа на территориях Брянской (Россия) и Гомельской (Белоруссия) областей. Для сравнения проанализированы кариотипы этого вида из заводи Волги у Саратова. Популяции из Гомельской и Брянской областей (за исключением популяции из оз. Стратива в Стародубском районе Брянской области) в отличие от саратовской выделяются широкой хромосомной изменчивостью, проявляющейся в соматическом мозаицизме по морфотипам хромосомного набора в клетках слюнной железы; в разрыхленности теломерных районов хромосом; в наличии структурно малых хромосомных изменений. В сравнении с саратовской в брянских и гомельских популяциях репрессировано кольцо Бальбиани в плече В хромосомы I. Делается вывод о нестабильности хромосомного аппарата Ch. plumosus, обитающего в ряде водоемов Брянской и Гомельской областей.

БОНДАРЧУК С.С., МИНИЧ А.С., ПЕРЕВОЗКИН В.П. — 2015 г.

Проведен цитогенетический анализ малярийных комаров Астраханской области. Идентифицировано три вида Anopheles: An. messeae – обитает повсеместно и является доминирующим во всех районах исследования; на юго-западе области обнаружен An. hyrcanus, в северной части региона – An. maculipennis. В популяциях An. messeae установлен высокий уровень инверсионного полиморфизма по половой хромосоме и 3-й аутосоме. С юга на север области в личиночных гемипопуляциях вида выявлена четкая клинальная тенденция на увеличение доли хромосомных перестроек XL1, 3R1, 3L1 и снижение частоты эволюционно исходных альтернативных вариантов.

МАРКЕЛЬ А.Л. — 2015 г.

Обзор посвящен рассмотрению имеющихся в литературе данных об эволюционно-генетических корнях гипертонической болезни. Эволюционный подход используется для объяснения предрасположенности современных людей к формированию такой патологии как гипертоническая болезнь. Приводятся многочисленные данные о роли “предковых” аллелей, обеспечивавших хорошую адаптацию к среде и образу жизни наших далеких предков, в повышении риска развития гипертонической болезни у людей, живущих в условиях современной цивилизации.

ПРОВОРОВ Н.А., ТИХОНОВИЧ И.А. — 2015 г.

Бактерии образуют с эукариотическими организмами широкий круг симбиозов, изучение которых открывает возможность для реконструкции процессов симбиогенеза, обеспечивших преобразования свободноживущих микроорганизмов в клеточные органеллы. При экологически (условно) облигатных симбиозах наблюдается повышение размеров и усложнение структуры бактериальных геномов, связанное с обособлением контролирующих симбиоз областей в форме генных кластеров, островов или плазмид. При генетически (строго) облигатных симбиозах происходит редукция “несимбиотических” областей микробного генома, которая может начинаться с генов, кодирующих метаболические и регуляторные функции, и распространяется на гены, кодирующие матричные процессы. Для условно облигатных симбиозов характерен активный горизонтальный перенос генов между различными формами микросимбионтов, а для строго облигатных внутриклеточных симбиозов – эндосимбиотический перенос генов между микросимбионтами и их хозяевами. Последний знаменует переход бактерий от функциональной (основанной на перекрестной регуляции генов) к структурной (основанной на рекомбинационных процессах) генетической интеграции с хозяевами, а в перспективе – и к полной ассимиляции ими микробных геномов. У -протеобактерий этот эволюционный путь может приводить к формированию клеточных органелл, лишенных собственных геномов, но сохранивших протеомную и цитологическую индивидуальность на основе импорта продуктов, синтезируемых в цитозоле (гидрогеносомы, митосомы). Симбиогенная эволюция цианобактерий может завершаться утратой возникших из них пластид при сохранении хозяином значительной части их генома в ядерных хромосомах.

ЛУКИНА Н.А., НЕКРАСОВА А.А., СМИРНОВ А.Ф., ТРУХИНА А.В. — 2015 г.

В обзоре рассмотрены имеющиеся в литературе данные о регуляции детерминации и дифференцировки пола у различных групп позвоночных животных. Особое внимание в статье уделено факторам внешнего и внутреннего контроля для разных генетических систем детерминации пола, а также эпигенетическому контролю этого процесса. Рассматриваются также возможности инверсии пола у разных животных.

ВЕСЕЛОВА М.А., КОКШАРОВА О.А., КУЗНЕЦОВ А.Е., ЛИПАСОВА В.А., ПЛЮТА В.А., ХМЕЛЬ И.А. — 2015 г.

Для изучения роли Quorum Sensing (QS) регуляции в контроле клеточных процессов Burkholderia cenocepacia 370 в клетки этого штамма была передана плазмида pME6863, содержащая гетерологичный ген ацил-гомосеринлактоназы AiiA, деградирующей сигнальные молекулы QS систем N-ацил-гомосеринлактоны (АГЛ). При использовании биосенсоров Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 и Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1/pZLR4 было показано соответственно отсутствие или уменьшение содержания АГЛ в культуре. Присутствие в клетках B. cenocepacia 370 гена aiiA, клонированного из Bacillus sp. A24, приводило к отсутствию гемолитической активности, снижению внеклеточной протеолитической активности, ослаблению способности клеток мигрировать по поверхности агаризованной среды (сворминг-миграция, swarming). Не наблюдалось влияния введения гена aiiA на липазную активность, синтез жирных кислот, синтез HCN и образование биопленок. Установлено, что пероксид водорода в субингибиторных или слабо подавляющих рост концентрациях вызывал стимуляцию образования биопленок. Введение гена aiiA в клетки не снимало этого эффекта, но уменьшало его величину.

HAGA Y., IWASA M.A. — 2014 г.

Previously, many studies have revealed the presence of B chromosomes in wild mouse taxa of the genus Apodemus (Rodentia, Muridae). In one of the Apodemus species, A. argenteus, which is endemic to Japan, it is known that B chromosomes were confirmed only in individuals (2n = 46 + B chromosome) from Hokkaido, Japan. There is no report of the presence of B chromosomes from other localities in the Japanese Islands. In this study, we analyzed the chromosomal constitutions of 43 individuals of A. argenteus from three localities in Honshu, Japan. A total of three individuals from central Honshu showed 2n = 47, and each individual carried a dot-like B chromosome. In addition, these B chromosome features were analyzed by differential staining methods, and the C- and QM-banding patterns of the B chromosomes were identical to those of the X chromosomal heterochromatic region showing the delayed-fluorescent response. Thus, it is considered that these B chromosomes would be derived from the heterochromatin of the X chromosomes, as reported in previously published papers.

GAO Y., JIANG J., KONG Y., RAN L., SOKOLOV V., WANG Y. — 2014 г.

Plant tissue culture, as a fundamental technique for genetic engineering, has great potential of epigenetic variation, of which DNA methylation is well known of importance to genome activity. We assessed DNA methylation level of explants during tissue culture of Brassica napus (cv. Yangyou 9), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assisted quantification. By detecting methylation levels in hypocotyls cultured in mediums with different concentrations of hormones, we found dissected tissue cultured with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L 6-BA, presented the lowest methylation level and highest induction rate of callus (91.0%). Different time point of cultured explants also showed obvious methylation variations, explants cultured after 6 and 21 days exhibited methylation ratios of 4.33 and 8.07%, respectively. Whereas, the methylation ratio raised to 38.7% after 30 days cultivation, indicating that methylation level of hypocotyls ranged during tissue culture. Moreover, we observed that the methylation level in callus is the highest during regeneration of rapeseed, following the regenerated plantlets and hypocotyls. This paper indicated the function of hormones and differentiation of callus is relevant to the methylation levels during tissue culture.

CAI S.S., CUI Z.X., GUO E.M., SONG L.S., TAN F., WU D.H. — 2014 г.

Sixteen new microsatellites were identified by screening 7533 expressed sequence tags of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis from GenBank data we published. They were polymorphic with the PIC value ranged from 0.349 to 0.957, the number of alleles ranged from 22 to 48, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.375 to 1.000 and 0.366 to 0.983, respectively. Five loci could be applicable to genetic diversity and population structure of E. sinensis.

CHEN L.G., CHEN X.H., DU W.L., LIU S.H., WANG J., WANG L.M., WU J., YANG Q.H., ZHAO J.X. — 2014 г.

In previous studies, we developed a wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng disomic addition line 3-8-10-2, which exhibited high stripe rust resistance and could be used as a donor source for introducing novel disease resistance gene(s) into wheat in future breeding programs. It was identified using cytology, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), EST-SSR, EST-STS and morphological analyses. However, these techniques are not suitable for breeding programs that require the rapid screening of large numbers of genotypes because they are highly technical and time-consuming. In this study, three Ns genome-specific SCAR markers were developed via random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. These SCAR markers were further validated using a complete set of wheat–P. huashanica disomic addition lines, which segregated the 5Ns disomic addition line individuals. Our results indicated that the SCAR markers associated with the 5Ns chromosome of P. huashanica and they provide a low cost, high efficiency, alternative tool for screening 5Ns chromosomes in a wheat background. These newly developed SCAR markers that species-specificity of the markers was proved by analysis of a wide range of cereal species, and specific for 5Ns chromosome, which should be useful in marker-assisted selection for wheat breeders who want to screen genotypes that may contain 5Ns chromatin.

CHU D., WANG H.M., ZHAO C.Z., ZHAO H.H. — 2014 г.

The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is a severe agricultural pest for which genetic resources are limited. In this study, 295 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from 259 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs), which were selected from 9,443 unigenes. The successful primer pairs were designed against six regions. In total, 30 alleles were identified from 30 individuals using the six markers, with an average of five alleles per locus (range, 4–7). The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.074–0.900 and 0.266–0.775, respectively. Significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found at three of the six loci. The EST-based SSR markers developed in this study may contribute to better understanding of the genetic structure of H. glycines populations.

BUSHMAN B.S., HOLE D., MALIK W., MICHAELS L., SADAQAT H.A., SADIA B., TAHIR M.H.N., ZIA Z.U. — 2014 г.

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used for the estimation of genetic diversity among a group of 40 sunflower lines developed at the research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Total numbers of alleles amplified by 22 polymorphic primers were 135 with an average of 6.13 alleles per locus, suggesting that SSR is a powerful technique for assessment of genetic diversity at molecular level. The expected heterozygosity (PIC) ranged from 0.17 to 0.89. The highest PIC value was observed at the locus C1779. The genetic distances ranged from 9 to 37%. The highest genetic distance was observed between the lines L50 and V3. Genetic distances were low showing lesser amount of genetic diversity among the sunflower lines.

FU L., LIU T., TANG Q., TANG SH., ZHU S. — 2014 г.

Bamboo is an important member of the giant grass subfamily Bambusoideae of Poaceae. In this study, 13 bamboo accessions belonging to 5 different genera were subjected to morphological evaluation and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis. Unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis was used to construct a dendrogram and to estimate the genetic distances among accessions. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the 13 accessions were distinctly classified into 2 major clusters; 3 varieties, PPYX, PGNK, and PLYY were grouped as cluster A, and 10 accessions were categorized under cluster B. Similarity coefficients ranging from 0.23 to 0.96 indicated abundant genetic variation among bamboo varieties. Approximately 38 SRAP primer combinations generated 186 bands, with 150 bands (80.65%) showing polymorphisms among the 13 accessions. Based on SRAP analysis, 13 bamboo accessions were grouped into 3 major clusters. Five species comprised Cluster I (PASL, PLYY, PTSC, SCNK, and BMAK), which belongs to genus Phyllostachys. Cluster II consisted of 5 varieties, PASL, PLYY, PTSC, SCNK, and BMAK; Cluster III included 3 varieties, PGNK, PLSY, and BMRS. Comparison of the results generated by morphological and SRAP analyses showed that the classification based on SRAP markers was more concordant to the taxonomic results of Gamble than that performed using morphological characters, thus suggesting that SRAP analysis is more efficient in evaluating genetic diversity in bamboos compared to morphological analysis. The SRAP technique serves as an alternative method in assessing genetic diversity within bamboo collections.

YU C.C., ZHAO Y.B., ZHOU H. — 2014 г.

To understand the profile of genetic structure of Xianbei and trace its impacts on the formation and development of the minorities from northern China, we analyzed the sequences of the hypervariable segment I (HVS-I, 16.035–16.398) in mtDNA control region of 17 Tuoba Xianbei remains from Shangdu Dongdajing cemetery (Inner Mongolia). Its haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.971 ± 0.032 and 0.0184 ± 0.010, respectively, and the haplogroup status presented 29.5% C, 23.5% D4, 17.6% D5, 17.6% A, 5.9% B and 5.9% G. When the data from Qilang Mountain Tuoba remains and other relevant populations were considered, we found that Dongdajing Tuoba Xianbei presented the closest genetic affinity to Qilang Mountain Tuoba Xianbei. Tuoba Xianbei and Murong Xianbei showed a significant differentiation in the maternal lineages. Tuoba Xianbei may contribute to the gene pool of some northern minorities, and it may mix with Xiongnu in northern China.

CHENG M., FU X.H., JIANG M.F., LIU Y.L., WANG JIE, WANG YO. — 2014 г.

Eight goat breeds from Chengdu, Lezhi, Jintang, Baiyu, Yingshan, Hejiang, Jiangan, and Jialing in Sichuan, China were analyzed for genetic diversity using AFLP markers. A total of 261 individuals were analyzed using eight selective AFLP primer combinations which generated 174 discernible fragments, of which 80 were polymorphic with an average of 27.15 bands per primer pair. Shannons gene diversity index among breeds ranged from 0.0888 to 0.2289, and the highest and the lowest gene diversity index among breeds were the Yingshan Black goat (0.2289) and the Baiyu Black goat (0.0888) respectively. The genetic distance (DR) among eight goat breeds were calculated by Rogersgenetic distance. Based on the analytical results, systematic trees were constructed by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) and the neighbor joining (NJ) methods. Eight breeds were divided into two main clusters by using cluster analysis, one of which including two subclusters. The clustering results agreed well with the origin of the goats and geographic distribution. The results implied that AFLP markers were informative and could provide significant insights for genetic diversity research and genetic resource conservation of indigenous goats.

LI H.Y., LU Y.Y., RU G.X., ZHANG J. — 2014 г.

The genetic diversities of 16 Paulownia fortunei populations involving 143 individuals collected from 6 provinces in China were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP). A total of 9 primer pairs with 1169 polymorphic loci were screened out, and each pair possessed 132 bands on average. The percentage of polymorphic bands (98.57%), the effective number of alleles (1.2138–1.2726), Neis genetic diversity (0.1566–0.1887), and Shannons information index (0.2692–0.3117) indicated a plentiful genetic diversity and different among Paulownia fortunei populations. The genetic differentiation coefficient between populations was 0.2386, while the gene flow was 1.0954, and the low gene exchange promoted genetic differentiation. Analysis of variance indicated that genetic variation mainly occurred within populations (81.62% of total variation) rather than among populations (18.38%). The 16 populations were divided by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) into 4 groups with obvious regionalism, in which the populations with close geographical locations (latitude) were clustered together.

FU D.L., LANG X., LUO Y.Z., YAN Y.F., YANG G.L. — 2014 г.

The purpose of this study was to assess genetic diversity, genetic differentiation relationship and population structure among 10 Chinese sheep populations using 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MC1R gene. The genetic diversity indices suggested that the intra-population variation levels of Chinese Merino and Large-tailed Han breeds were lowest than Kazakh Fat-Rumped. Chinese sheep breeds have maintained a high intra-population variation levels (95.23%). The genetic differentiation patterns and genetic relationships among Chinese sheep breeds displayed a high consistency with the traditional classification. The cluster trees were constructed by UPMGA method. The results showed that Chinese indigenous sheep populations have distinct genetic differentiation. The inter-population variation levels in Chinese sheep populations indicated three geographically independent domestication events have occurred. The Bayesian cluster analyses also showed a reliable clustering pattern, which revealed three major clusters in Chinese indigenous sheep populations (Mongolian group, Kazakh group and Tibetan group), except for Duolang and Minxian Black-fur. There were probably caused by different breeding history, geography isolation and different levels of inbreeding. The findings supported the related records in literature, ten sheep populations originated on different time stage from the primogenitor population and communicated genetically with each other in the process of natural and artificial selection, and in different ecological environment. It is concluded that Chinese indigenous sheep have higher genetic variation and diversity, genetic differentiation exist between Chinese sheep populations. The majority breeds are consistent with the geographical distribution and breed characteristic.

ARENAS C., MESTRES F., ZIVANOVIC G. — 2014 г.

To study whether inversions (or arrangements) by themselves or karyotypes are the main global warming adaptive target of natural selection, two Drosophila subobscura Serbian populations (Apatin and Petnica) were re-analyzed using different statistical approaches. Both populations were sampled in an approximately 15 years period: Apatin in 1994 and 2008 + 2009 and Petnica in 1995 and 2010. For all chromosomes, the four collections studied were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Thus, it seems that inversions (or arrangements) combined at random to constitute populations karyotypes. However, there were differences in karyotypic frequencies along the years, although they were significant only for Apatin population. It is possible to conclude that inversions (or arrangements) are likely the target of natural selection, because they presented long-term changes, but combine at random to generate the corresponding karyotypic combinations. As a consequence, the frequencies of karyotypes also change along time.