научный журнал по истории и историческим наукам Российская археология ISSN: 0869-6063

СОРОКИН А.Н. — 2004 г.

The author concentrates on the criticism of the so-called “contact” hypothesis of formation of archaeological cultures, and based on in “Swiderian concept” of Kunda culutre genesis. Formation of archaeological cultures as a result of composing their associations (Koltsov, 1979; Zhilin, 2000) is, in the author’s view, the manifestation of the standard pattern of mechanical mixing materials of different origin, but not the model of archaeological cultures’ formation. Kunda industry represents developed during the Holocene traditions of the final Palaeolithic population of the Russian plain known from the Resseta culture stations. The conclusion is based on similarity of artefacts and the recent palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Central Russia and the Baltic zone at the turn of Pleistocene and Holocene. In that period human subsistence was based on hunting reindeer. Identical character of distant sites is caused by the seasonal migrations, since reindeer hunters had to move a long distance following the animals’ troops. The routes of their migrations are inevitably marked by the traces of their material culture. The evolutional hypothesis of genesis of archaeological cultures suggested by the author takes into account the economic base of the primitive society, and, consequently, gives more adequate explanations of past. This model also highlights the genesis of Kunda culture more correctly.

АЛЕШИНСКАЯ А.С., СПИРИДОНОВА Е.А. — 2004 г.

In the Iron Age, and, especially, in the Middle Ages the active man-caused transformation of natural geo-systems began. Wide-scale palynological researches are carried out at the sites Nastas'ino, Vorotynsk, Protopopovskoe hillfort, Gorodishchi, Staraya Ryazan, as well as in Moscow and Moscow region. As a result of the investigations the macro-shifts have been established in the dynamics of vegetation and climatic changes in the territory of the Volga-Oka interfluve. A number of the periods most favourable for human activity have been singled out, as well as the periods of crises caused both by natural phenomena or human economic activity. In the Iron Age the vegetation underwent man-caused activity mainly in the vicinity of the dwelling sites. During the period of the Middle Ages natural environment underwent essential man-caused influence. This depended on higher density of population in the Volga-Oka interfluve and the extensive development of agriculture.

2004

ЧУБУР А.А. — 2004 г.

In August of 2001 in the River Desna outcrops near the village Vshchizh (Zhukovsky district, Bryansk region) a monoxyle boat was discovered. The vessel dates to the ancient Russian period. Its preserved part measures 8.8 m in length, the total length originally was probably 12 m; maximal width is 1.2 m. The body of the vessel was hollowed by chisel, timber being softened by steam; from inside it was strengthened with composite oak semi-ribs. The chronology of the find was determined by the radiocarbon method, it dates to 1247-1279.

МУНЧАЕВ Р.М. — 2004 г.

СТЕФАНОВ В.И. — 2004 г.

In the paper a stray find is published. It represents a stylised human figurine of bronze placed in a circle. The object was found accidentally in 1968, when excavating the Late Palaeolithic station Chernoozer’e II, Sargatsky district, Omsk region. It evidently originates from the superimposed layers of a later period. At present in Siberia some new materials have been discovered that enable to establish chronology of the find and its position among various cultural units to the east from the Urals. The author points to the cemetery Chernoozer’e I as culturally close association and considers the discussed figurine as a piece of metal plastic art linked by its style with the traditions of the Seima-Turbino castings of religious function.

МЕЛЬНИКОВА О.М. — 2004 г.

БАГАЕВ М.Х. — 2004 г.

Brooches appeared in the Caucasus in the late 12 th - the early 11 th cc. BC, in Chechnya and Daghestan in the late 11 th cc. BC. Various shapes and types are known (Figs. 1-8). During the period over two thousand years long the Caucasian brooches underwent influences of different cultures, mostly steppe ones. Still, the early arch-shaped type remained the basic one, exceptions being very rare (Figs. 1-8). Probably, in the 3 rd - the 11 th cc. the mountainous zone of North-Eastern Caucasus (Chechnya and Daghestan) was the centre of production of bronze fibulae with crosspiece (Figs. 6-8), and those with triangular-shaped plate arch (Figs. 7, 5-8; 8, 1-5), as well as the whole series of various modifications (Fig. 7, 3, 4). Evidently, the brooches of the North-Eastern Caucasus dated from the 7 th - the 9 th cc. were the most perfect masterpieces of the local craftsmanship, the period was followed by their decline in the 11 th-12th cc. By the late 12 th - the early 13 th cc. the brooches had lost their significance both as fastenings and costume decorations. This was caused by the changes in clothes' cut. Fibulae-fastenings were replaced by buttons, while purely decorative brooches were replaced by embroidery.

КОРЕНЯКО В.А. — 2004 г.

МАКАРОВ Н.А., НОСОВ Е.Н. — 2004 г.

КУЗЬМИНЫХ С.В. — 2004 г.

ЯНИН В.Л. — 2004 г.

ЗДАНОВИЧ Г.Б., МАЛЮТИНА Т.С. — 2004 г.

The article is devoted to the results of the typological studies of shapes of clay vessels from the fortified settlement Arkaim. It also contains some generalised information concerning some elements of potter’s technology, and more detailed information on pottery ornamentation.

МИХАЙЛОВ К.А. — 2004 г.

In the publication a new interpretation is suggested the burials of the 10 th c. located around of the Tithe church of the Virgin in Kiev. The monument was the first Russian cathedral constructed by Prince Vladimir in 996. It had occupied a portion of the vast pagan cemetery. It was just below the foundations of the temple that the dense cluster of ancient chamber graves has been discovered. The chambers were built of timber and furnished with rich grave goods. Many of the discussed burials have their analogies in the cemeteries of Sweden and Denmark. The author supposes that good state of preservation of the burials should not be considered an occasion. There are some indirect indications pointing to the fact that the ancient builders deliberately avoided to disturb and plunder the graves of the prominent citizens of Kiev of the Viking Age. Taking into account the Byzantine origin of the builders’ company, the author assumes that the burials had been preserved due to the donor’s concern. In Western Europe and Scandinavia the tradition is known when prominent Christians built the first churches over the burials of their pagan ancestors. The same tradition existed among the Vikings, as it is clear from the Icelandic sagas. The author presumes the first Christian cathedral in ancient Rus’ to have been built in the spot of the Kiev pagan necropolis where the representatives of the ruling princely dynasty had been buried.

КУЗНЕЦОВА Л.В., ЛАСТОВСКИЙ А.А., СТАШЕНКОВ Д.А., ХОХЛОВ А.А. — 2004 г.

In the paper are presented the preliminary results of the investigations of the cemetery and the settlement on the mountain Mayak on the Middle Volga. The cemetery is one of the earliest Mesolithic burial sites known in Eastern Europe. Burial 1 has yielded radiocarbon dates: GIN-11528 10030 ± 50 BP, and Brock University in Canada 9708 ± 60 BP. The recovered anthropological material is of great importance, it permits to raise and solve the vital problems of race genesis of the earliest European populations. Impressive collection of flint industry originates from the settlement. Having carried out technical and typological analyses of the settlement inventory, two chronological horizons were singled out: the Early Mesolithic and the Neolithic ones. The authors suppose that the site functioned for a short period of time as a hunters’ camp.

КОРОБОВ Д.С. — 2004 г.

КОРОБОВ Д.С. — 2004 г.

ЦЕТЛИН Ю.Б. — 2004 г.

Recently in the investigations of East European Neolithic a trend has formed to suggest chronological sequences of archaeological cultures proceeding from material obtained from a single representative site with thick cultural deposit rich in finds. In this article the author presents his new method of constructing local chronological sequences based on pottery decoration. The corresponding data from the upper Volga culture of pit-and-comb pottery are used to demonstrate the method. The author revealed essential peculiarities in pottery decoration within local groups of sites and came to the conclusion that the only way to suggest a reliable chronology of the discussed culture within a wider region is synchronisation of local chronological sequences. Comparison of the local sequences of the culture of pit-and-comb pottery on the upper Volga and the radiocarbon datings of the same sites' layers has shown their full identity.

СЕРИКОВ Ю.Б., СЕРИКОВА А.Ю. — 2004 г.

БОКОВЕНКО Н.А., ПШЕНИЦЫНА М.Н. — 2004 г.