научный журнал по истории и историческим наукам Средние века ISSN: 0131-8780

ЦАТУРОВА С.К. — 2009 г.

КОРОЛЁВ АЛЕКСАНДР АНДРЕЕВИЧ — 2009 г.

The Synod of Whitby (664) was one of the key events in the history of the Anglo-Saxon Church. It caused the fall of the organised hierarchy of the Irish mission in Northumbria and the departure of its leading bishop, Colmán of Lindisfarne, together with some of his clergy. Although the political circumstances of the Synod are now well explained in a series of scholarly works, its ecclesiastical aspects are still far from clear. The starting point for the aurthor's study was the departure of the defeated Bishop Colmán with some of the relics of St. Áedán, the founder of the Irish mission, as described by Bede. In order to establish the precise ideological causes of this action, which seems barely appropriate for the customs of the Irish clergy, an attempt is made to elucidate the possible Irish reaction to the Synod. Examination of Irish sources, mainly the Collectio Canonum Hibernensis (1st quarter of the 8th century), shows that, from an Irish point of view, the Synod was held with numerous violations contradicting the Irish canon law. Thus, the removal by Colmán of the relics of Áedán (and, as some Irish sources state, probably those of his other predecessor, Bishop Finán) was based on the canons prohibiting to leave holy relics among heretics or malicious people. Some other Irish evidence (Adamnán's Vita Columbae, Vita Geraldi etc.) does indeed agree with this conclusion. So it may be possible to fill the gap in the Irish sources, which generally remain silent about the events of 664. These conclusions also agree with the contemporary view of the Insular Paschal controversy, which sometimes led to bitter conflicts between the clergy, one party accusing another of heresy or schism.

АНИСИМОВА АННА АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА — 2009 г.

The article deals with the problem of development of British medieval archaeology that originated in the late 1950s. This process manifested itself by appearance of the Society of Medieval Archaeology and its own periodical edition, "Medieval Archaeology". However, the teaching of this subject as a separate discipline started only in the early 1970s. The development of the medieval archaeology followed the general trend of British archaeology, from small-scale excavations and separate trenches to open area excavations on greater scale and, later, reverse movement to conservation of artifacts in situ and use of non-excavation techniques (e.g. fieldwalking). Another important feature of medieval archaeology was transition from single site mentality to a broader view, including correlation between object of research and its environment. According to the subject of research, it is possible to mark out several lines of investigation in medieval archaeology, such as urban archaeology, archaeology of rural settlements, church archaeology, monastic archaeology, castle archaeology, archaeology of buildings, industrial archaeology and landscape archaeology. There is disproportion in the level of development and number of excavations between these categories, with urban archaeology being at the head. The article concludes with the problem of relations between history and archaeology. The necessity of the synthesis between the two is pointed sporadically. However, there is no dialogue on a constant basis, although there is a ground for it and successful examples.

ИСКЬЕРДО БЕНИТО РИКАРДО — 2009 г.

Hasta épocas no muy lejanas la Arqueología de la Edad Media no había despertado mucho interés en España. Las diferentes causas de esta situación se analizan en el artículo. En los últimos años, sobre todo desde el 1982, el panorama ha cambiado. Aparte de temas de carácter más bien general (cartas arqueológicas, restauración de monumentos, estudios de fauna, numismática, etc.), los análisis se encuadran, evidentemente, en las diferentes etapas históricas medievales: época visigoda, al-Andalus y reinos cristianos. El autor contempla la evolución que han tenido estas tres líneas durante dos periodos - antes de 1982 y después de la fecha. Según él los temas arqueológicos de al-Andalus son mas avanzados de momento, un poco menos investigados están reinos cristianos, y el tercer lugar lo tiene la época visigoda. En el artículo también se tocan los problemas de preparación profesional de los arqueólogos que pretenden trabajar con los monumetos medievales.

ХАЧАТУРЯН НИНА АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА — 2009 г.

L'article se compose de deux problèmes importants: a) ) de la matière de 1'historiographie (c'est-à-dire de 1'histoire de la science historique) à la qualité de la discipline scientifique avec sa propre structure des élements, affermie par la profonde liaison intérieure. La tendance expressive de l'historiographie vers 1'autonomisation n'excluait pas sa proximite aux autres domaines de la science historique. b) ) de la caractèristique des principes de 1'analyse historiographique, qui devait estimer la "certaineté" de 1'esquisse de la réalité, dessinée par I'historien. La correction de cet analyse à son tour se vérifie par quelques conditions. L'estimation dans le contexte du degré des sciences historiques en général et surtout du contexte des particularités épistemologiques, liées avec "1'activité subjective" triple de cette discipline (les sources réflexes dans la fondation des recherches historiques; la conscience d'un historien-chercheur et la conscience d'un historiographe lui-meme).

МОРЛЕНД ДЖОН — 2009 г.

Many of the modern nations of Europe seek their origins in the Migration Period, and imagine that they are biologically descended from the 'peoples' recorded in the early historical sources. Similarly, they imagine that the archaeological record can provide them with material proof of the location and extent of their 'ancestral homeland'. In this paper I try to deconstruct one such origin myth by showing that the English were not biologically descended from 5th-century Anglo-Saxon migrants - and the clear implication is that the origin myths of other European nations can be deconstructed in the same way. I begin by showing that, contrary to the imagining of previous generations of archaeologists and historians, there is no necessary and essential link between material culture and ethnicity. Brooches, for example, might come to signify membership of a group, but that group could as easily be defined in terms of status as on ethnicity. Similarly, I show (again contrary to common belief) that the 'groups' that are recorded as having migrated to England in the 5th century were more likely to have been drawn from a number of descent groups than to have been ethnically homogenous. In essence, I situate them within the growing body of evidence for the heterogeneity of the 'peoples' of the Migration Period. Drawing on the observation that it is frequently in opposition to an 'Other' that such heterogeneous groups come to believe that they share a common ancestry, I argue that the groups who became the Anglo-Saxons arose, in England, in the context of the emergence of kings and kingdoms. In other words, they are a product of the crystallisation of power in England from the late 6th century - not a consequence of migration from, and blood links to, an ancestral homeland across the North Sea.

КОБРИН КИРИЛЛ РАФАИЛОВИЧ — 2007 г.

КОТОМИНА АННА АНАТОЛЬЕВНА — 2007 г.

Colard Mansion, the printer and scribe, worked in Bruge in 1476-1484. After 1479 he introduced to the public a little book «execut-ed by mean of the printing press but not by inks and plume». This book contained the text named «Évangilles des Quenouilles» in French. The «treatise» is the masterpiece of ironical game with many levels of senses hidden in almost every word. The text for the edition was compiled from the earlier manuscript dated by 60th of XV c. The manuscript was produced by one of the studios in Bruge. The master and the first owner are unknown. But we can state that the tow «additions» of the same «trea-tise» were used by the same circle of readers. The article tries to figure out the main features of practics of reading of the end of XV century, when the new technology of book-production was just in the process of adaptation. The comparison of two books and two texts they contain leads to the observations on the character of changing in readers receptions of the texts. Caring the job of providing the readers with new books Colard Mansion was forming the new type of reader. The details of the editing work done on text open the new perceptive on the process of cultural appropriation of book-printing technology.

DRESVINA YU.YU. — 2007 г.

ФИЛИППОВ И.С. — 2007 г.

МАЙЗЛИШ АННА АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА — 2007 г.

The article is devoted to relations between England and the Flemish part of Burgundian state. These countries were faced with lots of political and economic problems connected both with the accession of the new Lancaster dynasty in England, which provoked a hostile reaction in France, and with the protectionist policy of England in the wool and cloth trade. The result was the flourishing of piracy and almost open war between England and Flanders. The Dukes of Burgundy had to try to resolve these problems because of demands of their Flemish subjects. It was not a simple deal and it took about 8 years to attain the first commercial treaty between England and Flanders. This treaty and the history of its conclusion and prolongation shows the important fact about the Burgundian model of state which was developing at that time: it was possible to negotiate and conclude the commercial treaty between only one part of the Burgundian state and some foreign state, while other Burgundian possessions and the duke of Burgundy himself could even be in the state of war with that foreign country. This model of statehood could seem very strange because it did not lead to the developing of the national state, but such non-unitary models were not rare at that time, and the Burgundian state was effective enough during its existence.

ВЕДЮШКИН В.А. — 2007 г.

КАРПОВ С.П. — 2007 г.

СЕРЕГИНА АННА ЮРЬЕВНА — 2007 г.

2007

ДУБРОВСКИЙ ИГОРЬ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ — 2007 г.

СИДОРОВ АЛЕКСАНДР ИВАНОВИЧ — 2007 г.

ЧЕРНЫХ АЛЕКСАНДР ПЕТРОВИЧ — 2007 г.

БОЙЦОВ МИХАИЛ АНАТОЛЬЕВИЧ, ТОГОЕВА ОЛЬГА ИГОРЕВНА — 2007 г.

The article deals with the history of creation and the methodology of a historical almanac «Casus. The Individual and Unique in History». The authors analyse the principal ideas of the almanac, the situation in Russian historiography that required its appearance, the relations of the «case approach» to the positivism, historical antropology and microhis-tory, and the specific features of the «case approach» the published papers are based upon.

СВАНИДЗЕ АДЕЛАИДА АНАТОЛЬЕВНА — 2007 г.

The Scandinavians entered the age of Vikings as pagans. Their paganism initially had roots in the culture of ancient Germans but by the end of 10th century it had gone through some changes caused by their way of life. As a result of constant war and colonising expeditions Thor, the god of war, replaced Odin as supreme god of the Norse pantheon. The functions of insignificant and even main deities were not always clearly determined. The pagan cult with its beliefs and superstitions, customs, rituals and festivities penetrated the life of Scandinavians and was closely connected with nature, their way of life, day-to-day activities and concepts. It played an important role in the historical memory of Scandinavians, the formation of their character and national consciousness. Thus, although at the beginning of 11th century Scandinavian countries became Christian, explicit pagan features (such as sacrifices to idols, blood feud, plenty of bastards, «divine justice», etc.) were preserved in their way of life, public conduct and perception during the following centuries and did not disappear by the early Modern period