ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ В АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ И ЭКОЛОГИИ
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND ECOLOGY
Статья поступила в редакцию 06.10.2011. Ред. рег. № 1126 The article has entered in publishing office 06.10.11. Ed. reg. No. 1126
УДК 621.311.24
СОВМЕСТНЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКИХ И ГЕРМАНСКИХ УЧЕНЫХ В ОБЛАСТИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ
С. Ветцель, Е. Соломин
Компания ВЕРТИКАЛЬ-ЕВРОПА Ребенвег 16, 76756, Белльхайм, Германия Тел.: 0721 95588-14, факс: 95588-44, e-mail: vertical.europa@googlemail.com
Заключение совета рецензентов: 16.10.11 Заключение совета экспертов: 20.10.11 Принято к публикации: 25.10.11
Статья описывает успехи в области возобновляемых источников энергии в Германии и совместные достижения российских и германских ученых Южно-Уральского государственного университета, ООО «ГРЦ-Вертикаль» и Компании ВЕРТИКАЛЬ-ЕВРОПА в разработке технологии возобновляемых источников энергии.
Ключевые слова: ветроэнергетика, солнечная энергетика, возобновляемые источники.
JOINT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN SCIENTISTS
IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
S. Wetzel, E. Solomin
VERTICAL-EUROPA Company Rebenweg 16, 76756, Bellheim, Germany Tel.: 0721 95588-14, fax: 95588-44, e-mail: vertical.europa@googlemail.com
Referred: 16.10.11 Expertise: 20.10.11 Accepted: 25.10.11
The article describes the progress of Renewable Energy in Germany and mutual achievements of Russian and German scientists of South Ural State University, SRC-Vertical, Ltd. and VERTICAL-EUROPA COMPANY in the development of renewable energy technologies.
Keywords: wind power, solar power, renewable energy sources.
The part of electricity produced from renewable energy in Germany has increased from 6.3 percent of the national generating in 2000 to about 17 percent in 2010. In 2010, investments 26 billion euros were made in German renewable energies sector. According to official figures, about 370,000 people in Germany were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2010, especially in small and medium sized companies. This is an increase of about 8 percent compared to 2009 (around 339,500 jobs), and over twice the number of jobs in 2004 (160,500). About two-thirds of these jobs are attributed to the Renewable Energy Sources Act. Germany is the world's first major renewable-energy economy. In 2010 nearly 17% (more than 100 Terra-Watt-hours (TWh)) of Germany's electricity supply (603 TWh) was produced from renewable energy sources, more than the 2010 contribution of gas fired power plants.
Renewable electricity in 2010 was 101.7 TW h including wind power 36.5 TWh, biomass and bio waste 33.5 TWh, hydropower 19.7 TWh and photovoltaic (PV) solar power 12.0 TWh.
Since the passage of the Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources in 1997, Germany and the other states of the European Union have been working towards a target of 12% renewable electricity by 2010. Germany passed this target early in 2007 when the renewable energy share in electricity consumption in Germany reached 14%. In September 2010 the German Government announced the following new aggressive energy targets:
- Renewable electricity - 35% by 2020 and 80% by 2050;
- Renewable energy - 18% by 2020, 30% by 2030, and 60% by 2050;
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 11 (103) 2011
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2011
- Energy efficiency - Cutting the national electrical consumption 50% below 2008 levels by 2050.
Today the German Government reports that in 2010 renewable energy (mainly wind turbines and biomass plants) generated more than 100 TWh (billion kilowatt-hours) of electricity, providing nearly 17% of the 600 TWh of electricity supplied.
The renewable energy sector benefited when the Alliance '90 / The Greens party joined the Federal Government between 1998 and 2005. The renewable energy sector was aided especially by the Renewable Energy Sources Act that promotes renewable energy mainly by stipulating feed-in tariffs that grid operators must pay for renewable energy fed into the power grid. People who produce renewable energy can sell their 'product' at fixed prices for a period of 20 or 15 years. This has created a surge in the production of renewable energy.
For 2005-2010 period the Federal Government set aside nearly 800 million euros for scientific research in the country. That research is going to be earmarked for policies of long-lasting development. Additionally, in 2001 a law passed requiring the closing of all nuclear power plants within a period of 32 years. The shut down time was extended to 2040 by a new government in 2010. After the Fukushima incident, the law was reverted and the end of nuclear energy was set to 2022 .
The German energy policy is framed within the European Union, and the March 2007 European Council in Brussels approved a mandatory energy plan that requires a 20% reduction of carbon dioxide emissions before the year 2020 and the consumption of renewable energies to be 20% of total EU consumption (compared to 7% in 2006). The accord indirectly acknowledged the role of nuclear energy - which is not renewable, but emissions-free - in the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gasses, allowing each member state to decide whether or not to use nuclear generated electricity.
Also a compromise was reached to achieve a minimum quota of 10% Biofuels in the total consumption of gasoline and diesel in transport in 2020.
Closely after the USA, Germany is the world's second largest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 23,903 MW by the end of 2008, ahead of Spain which had an installed capacity of 16,740 MW. 20,301 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines.
In 2009, 6.5% of Germany's total electricity consumption was satisfied by wind power. 867 wind power plants were constructed in 2008, and 952 more in 2009. At the end of 2009, Germany possessed 21,614 wind power plants. Their installed electricity production capacity was 25,777 MW. However this is a theoretical maximum, the actual output is vastly smaller.
Wind power currently produces about 7% of Germany's total power and it is said that no other country has more technological know-how in this area. Wind
power in Germany provides over 70,000 people with jobs and German wind energy systems are also exported. However, the economics of wind power in Germany are under close scrutiny and there are other issues which deserve consideration. These include the effect of wind turbines on the landscape, the effect on the bird population, and the effect on the tourist industry.
Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, German Federal Government is working on a new plan for increasing energy efficiency and renewable energy commercialization with a particular focus on offshore wind farms. Under this plan the large wind turbines will be erected far away from the coastlines, where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land, and where the enormous turbines won't bother the inhabitants. The plan aims to decrease Germany dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants.
At the end of 2007 Germany had an installed capacity of 3,830 MW. By the end of 2009, capacity had increased to 9,800 MW. The first 9 months of 2010 added about 5,400 MW in new solar capacity. In 2006, the European Commission anticipated that Germany may have installed about 4,500 MW by 2010. For 2009, the German government calculated that the PV industry provided 64,700 jobs in production, distribution and installation. Over 90% of solar PV installations are in grid-tied applications in Germany.
Completed in 2006, the 12 MW Solarpark Gut Erlasee photovoltaic system, near Arnstein in Bavaria was at the time of construction the world's largest PV system. The Waldpolenz Solar Park, which is the world's largest thin-film photovoltaic (PV) power system, became fully operational by the end of 2008. The power plant is 40 MW solar power system using state-of-the-art thin film technology.
The installed capacity for geothermal energy in Germany was 8.4 MW in 2007.
The total installed capacity of hydroelectricity in Germany at the end of 2006 was 4.7 GW. Hydropower meets 3.5% of the electricity demand. Latest estimates show that in Germany in 2007 approx. 9,400 people were employed in the hydropower sector which generated a total turnover of €1.23 billion.
German renewable energy sector is among the most innovative and successful worldwide. Nordex, Repower, Fuhrländer, Siemens and Enercon are wind power companies based in Germany. SolarWorld, Q-Cells and Conergy are solar power companies based in Germany. These companies dominate the world market. Every third solar panel and every second wind rotor is made in Germany, and German turbines and generators used in hydro energy generation are among the most popular worldwide.
Nearly 800,000 people work in the German environment technology sector; an estimated 214,000 people work with renewables in Germany, up from 157,000 in 2004, an increase of 36 percent.
Рис. 1. Доли производства электроэнергии возобновляемыми источниками в 2009 году Fig. 1. Renewable electric power produced in 2009 by energy source
Germany main competitors in solar electricity are Japan, the US and China. In the wind industry it is Denmark, Spain and the US.
Distribution between energy segments is shown on Fig. 1 below.
Increases in installed renewable electric power capacity and generation in recent years is shown in the table below:
Установленная мощность и производство электроэнергии Installed renewable electric power capacity and production
Year Installed capacity [MW] Hydropower [GWh] Wind energy [GWh] Biomass [GWh] Biogenic share of waste [GWh] Photovoltaics [GWh] Geothermal energy [GWh] Total electricity generation [GWh] Share of gross electricity consumption [%]
1990 5,043 15,580 71 221 1,213 1 0 17,086 3.1
1991 5,149 1
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