ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ, 2013, том 60, № 1, с. 138-142
КРАТКИЕ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ СООБЩЕНИЯ
УДК 581.1
Mechanical Stimulation-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Tobacco Suspension Cultured
Cells and Its Relation to Proline1 © 2013 Z. G. Li, M. Gong
School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal
University, Kunming, P.R. China Received June 7, 2011
Mechanical stimulation (MS), widely existing but usually ignored in nature, is one of the major environmental stress factors. MS by increasing the rotational speed of shaker incubator could alleviate a decrease in vitality of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension cultured cells and reduce the accumulation of MDA under chilling stress at 1 °C, which in turn improved survival percentage under chilling stress and regrowth ability of tobacco suspension cells after chilling stress. In addition, MS could increase the activity of A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and induce the accumulation of endogenous proline in tobacco cells; exog-enously applied proline also could enhance its endogenous level under normal culture conditions and survival percentage of the cells under chilling stress. These results suggest that MS could improve chilling tolerance of tobacco suspension cells, and the acquisition of this chilling tolerance was related to proline.
Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum - chilling tolerance - mechanical stimulation - proline - tobacco suspension cells
DOI: 10.7868/S0015330312060115
INTRODUCTION
Plants, due to sessile and poikilothermatic nature, are constantly exposed to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, including extreme in temperature, high salinity, drought, and mechanical stimulation, are the major causes of crop failure worldwide, and low temperature is one of the main abiotic factors affecting the growth, development, geographical distribution, and even survival of plants [1]. Mechanical stimulation (MS), such as wind, raining, touching, hailing, trampling, and soil obstruction as well as animal nibble, widely existing but usually ignored in nature, is one of the primary environmental stress factors, which significantly affects plant growth, development, reproduction, and even survival [2-4]. Keller and Steffen [5] showed that MS by brushing with a wooden bar could increase chilling tolerance of tomato seedlings. Walley et al. [6], using mechanical wounding as the stress stimulus and performing the
1 This text was submitted by the authors in English.
Abbreviations'. MS - mechanical stimulation; OAT - ornithine-S-aminotransferase; P5CS - A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase; RWR - rapid wound responsive.
Corresponding author. Z.G. Li. School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P.R. China. Fax. +86-871-551-6759; e-mail. zhongguang_li@163.com
whole genome microarray analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissues, identified a number of rapid wound-responsive (RWR) genes involved in the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In our previous work, we have illustrated that mechanical stimulation by increasing the rotational speed in a shaker incubator could improve heat tolerance of tobacco suspension cultured cells, and mechanical stimulation-induced heat tolerance was related to H2O2 and Ca2+ as well as calmodulin [3, 4].
A key adaptive mechanism in many plants grown under various kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses like low temperature, drought, oxidative stress, excess light, and ultraviolet radiation, is the intense accumulation of proline [7-11]. Many researchers found that low temperature tolerance was correlated with increased proline concentrations in many crops, including bermudagrass, centipedegrass, alfalfa, barley, potato, maize, and winter wheat [1, 7, 12]. The primary mechanisms for increased freeze tolerance in the presence of proline have been discovered, such as osmotic adjustment, ROS scavenging, or redox buffering; proline can also function as a low-molecular chaperone as well as plant development signal [1, 7, 12]. In higher plants, there are at least two alternative routes of proline biosynthesis, e.g., the glutamate and the ornithine pathways. A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) is a key enzyme in the glutamate pathway, while ornithine-5-aminotransferase (OAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the ornithine pathway [13-17].
Thus, the biosynthesis pathways of proline may vary in dependence of the plant organ, species, developmental phase, and the type of environmental stress. However, in tobacco suspension cells, the effect of mechanical stimulation on chilling tolerance and proline accumulation are poorly known.
In this paper, the effect of mechanical stimulation on chilling tolerance and the involvement of proline were investigated, and the results indicated that mechanical stimulation could induce chilling tolerance and the acquisition of this chilling tolerance was related to proline.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Calli were originated from young stem pith of Bright Yellow variety of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and detailed protocols of suspension cell culturing were described by us previously [18].
Four-day-old tobacco cultured cells in logarithmic phase were transferred to the other shaker incubator with the raised rotational speed of 150 rpm for 1 h as a mechanical stimulation treatment and then recovered at 120 rpm for 4 h; the control cells without mechanical stimulation treatment (non-MS) always grew under normal culture conditions at 120 rpm. Treated and nontreated (control) suspension cells were then subjected to chilling stress at 1°C for 3 days. After MS treatment and chilling stress, cell vitality (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction), MDA content, and survival percentage were measured as previously described [19, 20] and expressed as ^485, nmol/(g fr wt) and %, respectively. Meanwhile, chilled cells were subcultured to fresh culture medium and recovered for 7 days under normal culture conditions; regrowth ability of the cells was determined according to our previous methods and expressed as g fr wt/60 ml [4].
To explore the effect of MS on P5CS activity and proline accumulation, before mechanical stimulation for 30 min or 1 h, as well as after recovery at 120 rpm for 2 or 4 h, the suspension was filtered through a single layer of filter paper and the cells were washed three times with culture medium and collected to detect the activity of P5CS and proline content. The determination of P5CS activity and proline accumulation were performed using the methods of CyH c coaBT. [21] and Lin and Kao [22], respectively. P5CS activity and proline content were expressed as ^mol/(g fr wt min) and ^mol/g fr wt, respectively.
To investigate the effect of exogenous application of proline on P5CS activity, contents of endogenous proline, and chilling tolerance, P5CS activity and proline content were determined as mentioned above after 4-day-old cells were treated with 10, 20, 30, or 40 ^M proline for 4 h. Meanwhile, survival percentages of the cells treated with proline was measured according to above methods after chilling stress at 1°C for 3 days.
1 2 (a)
0 h 0.5 h 1 h Recovery 1 d 2 d 3 d
4 h
1_i i_i
MS Chilling stress
Treatments
Fig. 1. Effects of mechanical stimulation on vitality (a) and MDA content (b) of tobacco suspension cells under chilling stress at 1°C.
1 - non-MS; 2 - MS. Asterisks indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and double asterisks indicate significant differences at P < 0.01 from the control.
All data were taken from at least three independent experiments, and each experiment was performed in two parallel repeats. The results were processed statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The figures were drawn using SigmaPlot 11.0, and each data bar in figure represents the mean ± SE of at least three experiments.
RESULTS
Effect of mechanical stimulation on chilling tolerance of tobacco suspension cells
Four-day-old cultured cells were exposed to chilling stress at 1°C in a shaker incubator after subjection to mechanical stimulation at 150 rpm for 1 h. The results showed that, before chilling stress, mechanical stimulation had no obvious effect on cell vitality, MDA content, survival percentage, and regrowth ability of
1 2 (a)
MS Chilling stress
Treatments
Fig. 2. Effects of mechanical stimulation on survival percentage under chilling stress at 1°C (a) and regrowth ability of tobacco suspension cells during recovery at 26°C (b). 1 - non-MS; 2 - MS. Asterisks indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and double asterisks indicate significant differences at P < 0.01 from the control.
tobacco cells, namely, difference was insignificant, which is shown in figs. 1 and 2. Under chilling stress at 1°C, however, mechanical stimulation could alleviate a decrease in vitality of tobacco suspension cells (fig. 1a) and reduce the accumulation of MDA, the marker of membrane lipid peroxidation (fig.1b), which in turn improved survival percentage of tobacco suspension cells (fig.2a) and regrowth ability during recovery at 120 rpm after chilling stress (fig.2b) as compared with the control without mechanical stimulation. These results illustrate that mechanical stimulation could increase tolerance of tobacco suspension cultured cells to chilling stress.
Effect of mechanical stimulation on P5CS activity and proline content of tobacco suspension cells
P5CS is the rate-limiting enzyme of proline biosynthesis in the glutamate pathway. In the process of mechanical stimulation treatment, P5CS activity and the content of proline in tobacco suspension cells were
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