научная статья по теме Problems and perspectives of urban areas sustainable development in Russia Биология

Текст научной статьи на тему «Problems and perspectives of urban areas sustainable development in Russia»

DOI: 10.12731/wsd-2014-9.1-15 UDC 332.1

PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN AREAS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

Murzin A.D.

This study is devoted to the analysis of complex, interdependent problems, acting as constraints for sustainable development of urban territories of the Russian cities. In this article a set of economic, environmental and social issues are discussed in details, and the impact of urbanization on the opportunities for sustainable development of urban areas is examined.

The purpose of the study is systematization and generalization of the restrictive conditions for the development of urban areas, the identification of causal relationships and ways of their overcoming. Methodological base of the research is the complex abstract-hypothetical and logical tools, as well as axiomatic analysis of the problems and prospects of development of urban territories.

The results of the research is the identification and grouping of factors of economic development, structuring of sources of environmental impacts on the urban environment, the definition of the social consequences of the stagnation of urban areas, identification of historical features and consequences of urbanization in Russia.

The field of application of research results is a system of planning of socio-economic development of municipalities, as

well as a comprehensive program of financing and investment support of socially important projects of transformation of the urban environment.

The main conclusion of the study is evidence of the significant hurdles to the sustainable development of the majority of Russian cities, inattention to which on the part of local authorities could lead to socio-economic damage and even socio-eco-logical-economic degradation territories.

Keywords: problems, prospects, sustainable development, urban areas, social factors, environmental factors, economic factors, urbanization.

проблемы и перспективы устойчивого развития городских территорий в россии

Мурзин А.д.

Данное исследование посвящено анализу комплекса взаимообусловленных проблем, выступающих ограничителями устойчивого развития урбанизированных территорий российских городов. В статье подробно рассматривается совокупность экономических, экологических и социальных проблем, а также изучается влияние процессов урбанизации на возможности устойчивого развития городских территорий.

Целью исследования является систематизация и обобщение ограничительных условий развития городских тер-

риторий, выявление причинно-следственных взаимосвязей и определение направлений их преодоления.

Методологической базой проведения исследования выступает комплекс абстрактно-гипотетических и логических инструментов, а также аксиоматический анализ проблем и перспектив развития городских территорий.

К результатам исследования относится идентификация и группировка факторов экономического развития, структуризация источников экологического воздействия на городскую среду, определение социальных последствий стагнации городских территорий, выявление исторических особенностей и последствий урбанизации в России.

Областью применения результатов исследования является система планирования социально-экономического развития муниципальных образований, а также комплексные программы финансирования и инвестиционной поддержки социально-значимых проектов преобразования городской среды.

Основным выводом исследования является доказательство наличия существенных препятствий для устойчивого развития большинства городов России, невнимание к которым со стороны органов местного самоуправления может привести к социально-экономическому ущербу и даже к социо-эколого-экономической деградации территорий.

ключевые слова: проблемы, перспективы, устойчивое развитие, городские территории, социальные факторы, экологические факторы, экономические факторы, урбанизация.

introduction

Mankind immediately after its appearing came into conflict with the environment in the fight for resources for their development and in this sense problems accompany the whole evolution of human society. From the outset it was prone to spatial concentration, leading to the degradation of surrounding natural systems [1]. In the early stages of society development these problems were resolved by changing the dislocation, allowing groups of men to receive uninterrupted access to the necessary resources, and natural complexes to recover fast enough.

the purpose of this study is to analyze the current complex economic, environmental and social problems of urban areas, and determine the strategic directions of overcoming them in the development process of the urbanized environment.

Industrial civilization has dramatically expanded not only the spectrum of human impact sources but also the consequences magnitude, but above all these changes were observed, as in the earlier stages of development, in areas with maximum people concentration and subjects of their economic activity - the cities. With the formation on the final stages of industrial cycle of all large forms of group resettlement - agglomerations, conurbations, megalopolises in their impact has lead to a regional and in recent years also sub-global changes [2].

Thus, exactly the settlements (increasingly large) and their concentrations are the main foci of contradictions in the man-nature system. Dialectical contradiction between the ever-increasing security and independence of mankind from the adverse and dangerous nature phenomena, transforming it to such an extent that changed environment becomes too flimsy for living and it is the main problem of modern civilization development. In a definite sense, it can be argued that increasing the life level, humanity reduces its quality [3].

City development, which is objective and irreversible consequence of technological progress, leads to profound changes in the urban environment. Spatial differentiation of economic activity leads to differences in character and intensity of human impact on the environment.

Considering the prospects for the urban areas development, three types of cities, which play different roles at different scales of urbanization, can be defined [4]:

«World City» - large millionaire-megapolises, the centers of global governance, the location of exchanges, post-industrial economics bearers, the centers of financial and consulting services, mediaproduc-tion, innovations. They are ahead of the rest space of the country for 3-5 years, living in isolation from the outside world in the global geo-economic space, based on post-industrial economy. There are only three such cities in the world (London, New York, Tokyo), and several candidates (including Moscow).

«Regional Industrial Cities» - millionaires (from 800 thousand people) - serve as centers of industry, information technologies and logistics, bear the main burden of social-cultural recycling. Among them are the European and America cities that differ in spatial structure. In the European traditions the center is historical center, and in American the center is business district. Such cities have developed post-industrial economy and, as a rule, are synchronous in their «mainstream» development and sometimes a bit behind or ahead of it, have a significant developmental impact on the surrounding area. In this group can be defined a subclass of «industrial cities» that have a smaller population (500-800 thous. people) and bright industrial economics.

«Small Towns» - population is less than 300,000 people - are characterized by poorly developed industry or small town-forming

enterprises, except for specialization within the agglomeration. These towns have great potential for post-industrial development through the tourism, local outsourcing, environmental characteristics.

There are also Asian «mega-cities» - huge chaotic urbanized areas with a mixed specialization. These cities are the result of rapid industrialization policy.

An important feature of the modern post-industrial urban development is the formation of mega-cities - the combination of several metropolitan areas in a single space. Exactly mega-cities of America, Japan and Europe for today are centers of post-industrial production in all the meanings of this word.

In the future main trends for each group will be:

• for world cities - further integration into the global economics, the development of extra-territoriality, their own global subjectivity and competitiveness, the transition to a culture of active innovation consuming;

• for regional cities - the formation and development of postindustrial economics, associated with this large spatial deformations (removal of plants, functions changing and new areas assimilation), the formation of agglomerations;

• for small towns - shift to industrial development through the city-forming enterprise and connection to the metropolitan area or a hypothetical transition to a postindustrial through the service sector development.

Methods of the research

In the course of scientific research we had a recourse to multiple well-known analytical techniques, instrumental and methodological

technologies of heuristic cognition, namely: monographic research, graphic interpretation of empirical and factual information - the fact which allowed to secure reliability of the general method of research as well as authenticity of overall results, conclusions and recommendations.

Economic problems of urbanized areas development

Cities, especially large ones, are by far the carriers of the post-industrial economy: the connections density, the life quality and features of economic relations which make possible the transition to a new level of social-economic relations [5]. Thus development of post-industrial economy with its high demands to most issues faced in today's cities, even relatively advanced, with significant problems (fig. 1).

Determinative development factors

Production Natural-resource Labor resources Domestic infrastructure potential qual

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