научная статья по теме RENEWABLE SOURCES INTEGRATION IN CONTEXT TO ELECTRICITY MARKET, CASE CZECH REPUBLIC Экономика и экономические науки

Текст научной статьи на тему «RENEWABLE SOURCES INTEGRATION IN CONTEXT TO ELECTRICITY MARKET, CASE CZECH REPUBLIC»

Renewable sources integration in context to electricity market, case Czech Republic

Július Bems,

Ing., Dept. of Economics, Management and Humanities, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague (Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: lachmmic@fel.cvut.cz)

Michaela Hrochová,

Ing., Dept. of Economics, Management and Humanities, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague (Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: lachmmic@fel.cvut.cz)

Jaroslav Knápek,

doc. Ing., Dept. of Economics, Management and Humanities, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague (Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: lachmmic@fel.cvut.cz)

Tomás Králík,

CSc., Ing., Dept. of Economics, Management and Humanities, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague (Technická 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: lachmmic@fel.cvut.cz)

Аннотация. В статье описана ситуация на европейских рынках электроэнергии, которые недавно существенно изменились. В последние годы эти рынки были либерализованы, а также получили широкое распространение в Европе возобновимые ресурсы. В этом контексте мы можем наблюдать значительное изменение объема проданного электричества от долгосрочных рынков до краткосрочных рынков, а также снижение рыночной цены электричества, но повышение цен на электроэнергию для потребителя. В связи с новыми целями Европейского союза в области возобновляемых источников энергии можно предположить, что эффекты интеграции возобновляемых источников энергии углубятся. Одним из способов справиться с отрицательными эффектами интеграции возобновляемых источников энергии является полный анализ диаграммы выработки энергии и также точная идентификация факторов, которые влияют на форму этой диаграммы. Именно таким образом мы в состоянии справиться с интеграцией возобновляемых источников энергии, и, используя это знание, например, мы можем соединить эти источники энергии в один портфель. Это понятие называют понятием „виртуальной электростанции", это является одним из способов эффективного взаимодействия с интеграцией возобновляемых источников энергии.

Abstract. This article deals with the description of situation in the European electricity markets, which have recently changed dramatically. In recent years these markets have been liberalized and also renewable resources have been widely installed in Europe. In this context we can observe a significant shift of volume of traded electricity from long-term markets to short-term markets, and also a price reduction of the market price of electricity, but the overall rise in electricity prices for the end customer. In connection with new objectives of the European Union in the field of renewable energy sources it can be assumed that the effects of the integration of renewable energy sources will deepen. One way to cope with the negative effects of the integration of renewable energy sources is a thorough analysis of the power production diagram and also accurate identification of factors that influence the shape of this diagram. Just so we are able to cope with the integration of renewable energy sources, and using this knowledge, for example, we can aggregate these power sources into a single portfolio. This concept is called the concept of „virtual power plant" and is one of the ways to effectively deal with the integration of renewable energy sources.

Ключевые слова: возобновляемые источники энергии, рынок электроэнергии, анализ диаграммы мощности, понятие виртуальной электростанции.

cept.

Keywords: renewable energy sources, electricity market, power diagram analysis, virtual power plant con-

1. Introduction

Nowadays, electricity is the most important and most widely used form of energy. Ensuring of supply is done through electricity traders who trade this commodity in the electricity markets, which environment has changed dramatically in recent years, both in EU and the Czech Republic. The fact that electricity cannot be stored efficiently determines the specifics of electricity markets.

Recently we can observe a shift from a centrally planned and controlled energetics (and vertically integrated monopolies) to a liberalized environment of an energy free market and along with that, we can observe a widespread integration of renewables such as energy sources. These facts lead to changes throughout the energy segment, which will further expand.

The integration of renewables, however, is very problematic due to the intermittency and lower predictability of power generation. EU has set a new and more ambitious targets in the field of renewable energy, which means that new solutions to these issues will have to be found.

This article seeks to describe the current situation of integration of renewables in the mix of the Czech Republic, within the context of the development of European electricity markets and EU climate and energy policies targets to 2020 and 2030. We propose the methodology for analyses of the production diagrams of RES power plants including aggregation of these diagrams, which leads to a reduction in the total variability of the portfolio renewable sources.

2. Power market in EU

2.1. Market liberalization development

First we will look at the history of power branch and power market in last two decades in Europe, which is quite corresponding to situation development in Czech Republic. It can be divided into several stages:

• In most EU member states, one company had ensured production, supply and sale of electricity, while the price for electricity covered all costs associated with the delivery. This situation lasted until the first half of the nineties, when in 1996 the European Council adopted a Directive 96/92/EC, concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, which has made significant contributions towards the creation of an internal market for electricity.

• This directive, however, did not have such a real effect, as expected, so the "second energy package" was implemented, which included also the EU Directive 2003/54/EC. This Directive established common rules for separation of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity (so called unbundling) and also established conditions of liberalization of the electricity market for different types of consumers, divided by size. Due to this Directive, among others final consumers got the right to choose supplier of the electricity.

• The last change in European energy markets came with the acceptation of the "third energy package". Its main purpose was to extend opening of the European electricity markets, among others by establishment of ownership unbundling. This unbundling aimed at encouraging energy companies to separate power generation and transmission, and also ordered an establishment of regulatory authority in each Member State, (Energy Regulatory Office (ERO) in the Czech Republic).

After this development in Europe we can observe liberalized electricity market, where final customers are entitled to choose their supplier. Also in this market there are separated companies producing, transporting and selling electricity to final consumers. This creates a market environment where everyone is trying to optimize their costs and maximize their profit.

2.2. Renewable sources integration development, Directive 2001/77/EC implementation

Czech Republic as traditional industrial countries is a significant European producer of electricity, is fully self-sufficient and is a one of the biggest power exporters in EU. Its portfolio is primarily based on the production of coal-fired power plants (brown coal) and the production of two nuclear power plants (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).

Wind

Hydro inc. p.st. 11%

Produced electricity

■ i . i . Wind Hydro inc. p.st,

4% pv

21079 MW in 2013

Nuclear PP 20%

Figure 1: Installed capacity of power source 2013, The Czech Republic, Source: ERO, www.eru.cz

87,06 TWh in 2013

Figure 2: Structure of produced electricity 2013, The Czech Republic, Source: ERO, www.eru.cz

In 2001 the European Union has adopted Directive 2001/77/EC, which has set targets for share of renewable energy production portfolio in each EU member states country, with the common European goal at 22,1% in power generation in 2010. In connection with the accession of the Czech Republic into the EU on May 1, 2004 Czech Republic "adopted" indicative target of 8% in 2010 on gross power consumption, from 4.48% in 2005.

RES support for power generation started in the Czech Republic since year 2002 and feed in tariffs scheme was primarily used, but slow RES development was observed (primarily due to the limitation of legal support guarantee only for one year). In the context of changes in legislation in order to meet these objectives the Act 180/2005 Col. was adopted, which provided systematic operational support for power sources based on renewable energy. This operational support has resulted in increased share of RES and, among others, in reduction of greenhouse gases, reduction of dependency on energy imports and in diversification of energy portfolio.

Power producers had two options: the feed in tariff (FIT) and the green bonus (GB), while FIT was the amount for which all electricity was purchased from RES plants and GB was a supplement to the market price of electricity.

The other important features of support schemes were:

• FIT values were guaranteed (including annual update for the inflation) for whole technical lifetime of source (20 years, 30 for small hydro plants).

• Application of rate of return approach to determine FIT values.

• Differentiation of FIT according to RES type and possibly also according to the other parameters like installed power, type of fuel (biomass and biogas), etc..

• Support of island production, so-called stand-alone systems.

• Investors could choose for each year between these support schemes (FIT or GB

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