научная статья по теме SYSTEM APPROACH AS SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH Экономика и экономические науки

Текст научной статьи на тему «SYSTEM APPROACH AS SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH»

System approach as scientific methodological tools for economic research

I.K. Pustovetova

Senior Lecturer in the Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy (SibADI) (5 Реасе Ave., Omsk, Russian Federation 644092; e-mail: pust-irina@yandex.ru)

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается один из методологических подходов научного исследования - системный. Представлена ретроспектива, охарактеризовано современное состояние, определены роль и место, значение подхода в научном экономическом исследовании, и в частности, исследовании процесса управления персоналом на современном предприятии.

Abstract. This article discusses one of the methodological approaches of scientific research - systems. To submit a retrospective, described the current state, defined the role and place, the value approach to the scientific economic research, in particular, the research of personnel management in the contemporary enterprise.

Ключевые слова: системный подход, научное экономическое исследование, взаимосвязь, влияние, взаимодействие.

Keywords: systems approach, scientific economic research, correlation, influence, interaction.

Introduction. The Management is a meaningful impact on the system and its elements to preserve the structure and state of the system or transfer it to another state in accordance with the objectives of the operation and development of the system. The objectives of regulation in general terms, are the planning, organization, motivation and control of any action, depending on the nature of the manifestations of the object (counter-subject) management.

The staff of the enterprise is a system consisting of constructive elements (workers) who are in mutual relation between them. This system has its own internal structure, since workers differ in function, classes, professions, and several other characteristics. The system is complex, and is char-

acterized by a lot of connections between elements both horizontally and vertically.

At the core of personnel management is the definition of the trajectory of development of the system and its regulation of behavior in the dynamics in accordance with the development of the external environment, internal environment, goals and objectives of the company. For the contemporary enterprise is a pressing problem increase of effectiveness the personnel management, in connection with this interest is the study and use of methodological tools of scientific economic research, including a systems approach.

Main body. Systems approach - the general notion of relevance as a science, and to practice. This is a peculiar point of view, namely, to considering the object of research as a system, generally

complex, consisting of subsystems, is inextricably linked with the outside world, and which, in turn, are also complex systems.

In Systems Research analyzed the object is viewed as a set of elements, the relationship which makes holistic properties of this set. The emphasis is on identifying the diversity of connections and relationships that occur inside of the object, and in its relations with the external environment. Properties object as an integrated system are determined not only by summing the properties of its individual elements, but the properties of its structure, system-specific, integrative relationships of the object. An important feature of a systemic approach is that not only the object but also the pro-research process is a complex system, whose task, in particular, is to connect into a whole different model of object.

Let us turn to the history issue. Elements of systemic appeared in mythological thinking: the myths of Homer and other authors presented in a systematic and rational form [35]. The first image of orderliness and integrity of natural objects originated in ancient philosophy. Philosophers of Ancient Greece, talked about the integrity and the segmented objects. During this period, was formulated the thesis that the whole is greater the sum of its parts. Philosophers have sought something that unites all objects the World. The community motion of all elements of the world, the community links between the parts, the commonality of processes it is clear declared in ancient philosophy. The surrounding world as a whole, as a system with a single alpha. In doing so, the question arises: is it possible to explore, discover and explain all of nature through knowledge of its parts (Parmenides, De-mocritus, Aristotle) [6, 26].

In Middle Ages interpretation of existence as Cosmos finally replaced him as the consideration of the system. World is perceived as a independent system, regardless of the person that has their type of organization, hierarchy, the inherent laws and sovereign structure [34].

More developed forms of philosophical and natural-science understanding of the systemic nature have appeared in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Perceived from antiquity, they have evolved in the views of N. Copernicus, B. Spinoza, G.-V. Leibniz, I.-G. Lambert, P.-A. Golbah, P.-S. Laplace and other contemporary scientists. French educator E.B. Kondilyak noted that «every system is nothing other than the location parts of any art or science in a certain order in which they mutually support each other, and in which the last parts of the first merged» [21 , p. 6].

XIX century propositioned their names of scientists and philosophers. I. Kant believed that the concept of «system» can be made in relation to knowledge: «Under the system I mean the unity of the diversity of knowledge, a unified idea» [19, p. 80]. G. Hegel wrote that the idea of a specific and growing, there is an organic system, it is the integrity, involving numerous degrees and moments» [15]. K. Marx and F. Engels pointed out that all available humanity nature formed a relationship with certain aggregate bodies; with the word «body» means all material reality, from star to the atom [25]. During this period, formed dialectic as the science of the most common laws relationship, transmutation phenomena.

The most active system representations start to develop from the middle of the XIX century. In particular, the reason for this is the teaching of evolution Ch. Darwin. There are systemic-structural theory in chemistry, the elements of Mendeleyev's periodic system, the theory of chemical structure of organic compounds Butlerova, developed organisms theory in biology, and functional concepts in medicine. System objects are beginning to associate with their integrity, the presence of boundaries, autonomy. In the process of establishing the fundamental theoretical concepts (Einstein's physics, the geometry of Lobachevsky and Riemann) increasing information about the systemic study of the principles of the objective world.

Research the evolution of the systemic movement include time-motion time of its inception, or by the middle of the XIX century or to the mid-twentieth century - in connection with the scientific works of Austrian biologist L. von Bertalanfi [9]. There is also the viewpoint that there are different stages in the development of philosophy: a systematic as completeness, organic components in the whole (from the middle of XIX century.) and a systematic approach as the disclosure of the integrity of the object by identifying the multiple types of links in it and into a single theoretical picture, based on certain general principles of cognitive activity (mid 50-ies XX century) [18].

The founder of the modern stage is Ludwig von Bertalanfi. His work «The general theory of systems» (1945) initiated the emergence of a vast number of works, which developed the meaning of «system» and proposed on this basis the various options research methodology. It should be noted that a number of scientists have published their works related to the systemic investigations, before or simultaneously with Bertalanfi. That such works as «Universal organizational science (tectology)» A.A. Bogdanov (1912-1917) [13, 36], «Cybernetics» N. Wiener (1948) [14] and praxeology of T. Kotar-binski (30-40-ies XX century) [22, 23].

Define some notion of «system», and give description of its substance. Ontological view of the notion of «system» is a well before the emergence of a systems approach. In ancient Greece the term «system» characterized orderliness and integrity. Since ancient times, and the first half of the twentieth century on the system, it was said, as a whole consisting of parts. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the definition does not just talk about together, but also the relationship of elements, their interaction, relationship. For example, A.N. Averyanov defines the system as a delimitation of multitude interrelated are elements [1]. V.G. Afa-nasiev defines the system as a complex of interacting in one or other way components [7]. In A. Rap-

poport system - it is «not just a set of units and the totality of the relationship between these units» [30, p. 88].

Another branch of the ontological development of the concept of lines of «system», focuses not on the totality of the elements, but on the totality of the properties. Thus, M.S. Kagan [17, p. 19] writes that the system - it is «one way or another, ordered set of elements forming a whole, properties which are not confined to the properties of its constituent elements». V.N. Sagatovsky gives the following definition: «This is a finite set of elements, combined dynamic and static relationships, which is a necessary and sufficient to ensure the availability of targeted properties, which allow solving the system-contradictions in the certain external conditions» [32, p. 66]. V.P. Kuzmin [25, p. 10] the system would take «a lot of inter-mentioned elements, forming a stable unity and integrity, possessing the integral by the properties and laws».

There are other options for the definition notion of «system» of ontological position. Authors working in this direction, focus either on the integrity of both the interaction of elements, or on those generated

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