инженера), семьи и т.д. Совокупность концептов отдельного человека тем шире, чем глубже его национальный, сословный, классовый, профессиональный, семейный опыт. Концептосферы могут сочетаться друг с другом, накладываться одна на другую, изменяться с течением времени.
Естественный для концептуальной сферы языка процесс - постепенное расширение, обогащение с накоплением культурного опыта народа. Сокращение концептосферы -явление достаточно редкое и связывается с какими-либо чрезвычайными ситуациями, влекущими за собой пробелы в культурной памяти нации. Например, отмена в 1918 г. преподавания церковнославянского языка и Закона Божия не только существенно обеднила активный словарный состав языка, но и изменила духовную составляющую русского самосознания [3]. Вот почему так важна связь языка и культуры. Языковая политика в любом государстве, особенно в стране с таким богатым культурным прошлым, как в России, должна быть не спонтанной, а продуманной, тщательно подготовленной, потому что «язык нации является сам по себе сжатым... алгебраическим выражением всей культуры нации» [3].
Сегодня изучение языка на всех его уровнях (а на уровне концептов в особенности) -один из путей к познанию и возрождению утраченного некогда культурного наследия.
Список литературы
1. Аскольдов С.А. Концепт и слово // Русская словесность. От теории словесности к структуре текста. Антология. - М., 1997. - с. 265-279.
2. Воркачев С.Г. Концепт как «зонтиковый термин» // Язык, сознание, коммуникация. Вып. 24. - М., 2003. - С. 5-12.
3. Лихачев Д.С. Концептосфера русского языка // Русская словесность. От теории словесности к структуре текста. Антология. - М., 1997. - с. 280-287.
4. Маслова В.А. Лингвокультурология: Учеб. пособие для студентов высш. учеб. заведений. - М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2001. - 208 с.
5. Проспект. Русский идеографический словарь (Мир человека и человек в окружающем его мире). - М., 2004. - 135 с.
6. Степанов Ю.С. Концепт // Константы: словарь русской культуры: Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп. - М., Академический Проект, 2001. - С. 43-83.
7. Стернин И.А., Быкова Г.В. Концепты и лакуны // Языковое сознание: формирование и функционирование. - М., 1998. - С. 55-67.
Секция 5. Экономика и менеджмент
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLUSTER TECHNOLOGIES - PRESENT EXPERIENCES AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Leonova Y.A., Averbyh E. A.
Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
The present article summarizes and analysis major approaches to the definition and point of industrial complexes based on the cluster technologies. The main concern of the article will be based on principles characterizing formation and development of industrial clusters. Analyzing industrial complexes functioned in western regions the main conditions provided successful formation and development of the industrial clusters are assigned. The paper also presents the competitive analysis of regional industrial clusters as organization of production form with territorial production complexes.
Cluster-based economic development has become an increasingly popular topic for researchers and economic development professionals. Numerous organizations, including the OECD, the European Commission have devoted major conferences and policy initiatives to this topic in recent years. [4] The increasing interest in the cluster technologies is only one aspect of
a broader re-orientation of research and economic policy towards the microeconomic foundation of prosperity and growth. The economic policy debate had in previous decades been to a large degree dominated by microeconomics and the creation of market institutions in transition economies.
Creating conditions in order to overcome negative consequences of downturn in the real economic sector, update industry and develop more prosperous competitive agglomerations is proved to be an extremely urgent problem for the most Russian Federation regions. Applying cluster approach in the organizational policy implemented by regional authorities is one of possible means to solve problems referred above. Supporting sustainable development and strong economic growth using innovative methods of regional competitiveness is one of the prerequisite to form industrial complexes based on cluster technologies. Activization of processes mentioned above results in formation of the investment and innovative systems in regions, reduction of terms connected with adoption of innovations into production, more efficient usage of the recourse potential of a region, different forms of the public-private partnership.
Motivated in large part by Michael Porter's «Competitive Advantage of Nations» the field has over the last two decades seen a lot case-driven theory development and the experimental use of clusters in economic development. [3] Formulating topical objectives on the 2006 year exminister of economic development and trade of the Russian Federation G. O. Greph denominated cluster policy as a development institution facilitating the removal of barriers in the development of interindustry and intersectorial relationships. Subsequently the subject connected with identification and formation of industrial clusters appeared in other governmental documents. [8]
Analyzing the formation and development of industrial complexes covering some Russian Federation regions makes it possible to single out basic prerequisites and conditions for expansion of these complexes:
1) business position: availability of key enterprises at least potentially interested in collaboration within the bounds of an industrial complex; existence of cooperation ties and coordination mechanisms between these enterprises; sufficiently high innovative level of many enterprises and organizations included into potential industrial complex; presence of export constituent in complex output characterizing its competitive ability; willingness of top managers to take an action in conditions characterized by increasing collaboration and competitiveness in the interest of active development of business and region;
2) public authorities position: interest of public authorities in such industrial development of the given region based on cluster approach; presence of successful experience of interaction between business structures and regional and municipal authorities taking into consideration the definite branch of industry where an industrial complex could be potentially formed; presence of normative-legal basis developed by the administrative machine; creation of infrastructure supporting business; willingness of the regional administration to communicate with business on the terms of partnership.
The factors listed above could be determined as objective. However, it is necessary to mention that subjective factors play an important role in the formation of industrial complexes and should be also taken into consideration. Fist of all, these industries should involve leaders prepared to implement cluster approach: collaboration for the sake of increasing global competitiveness of an industrial complex in conditions of competition growth.
There are some concepts except «clusters» which could be used to describe geographical concentration of firms, industries and processes connected with this phenomenon such as industrial regions, territorial production complexes, regional innovation milieu, Italianate industrial districts, business networks and etc. All of those concepts hold in common the notion that geographic proximity between member enterprises lends certain competitive advantages, though the specific nature of the advantages varies slightly from concept to concept. All these concepts are similar, in varying respects, and could be used as equivalents sometimes. [2]
We shall begin next part of the article by discussion and comparing clusters with production complexes. Territorial production complexes were formed to meet three challenges such as optimization of the processes connected with mining operations; location optimization of industrial and agricultural enterprises; and location optimization of the objects included in social structure. From very start it is necessary to point out that many resource-orienting enterprises located in West and East Siberia and formed in the framework of the territorial production complexes approach become a basis for enhancement of competitive ability and export potential of the Russian Federation.
For example, according to the A. G. Granberg's assessment twelve most developed territorial production complexes (Kursk magnetic anomaly, Timano-Pechora, North-Tyumen, Norilsk, Sredne-Ob, Kuznetsk, Sayansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsko-Cheremhovsk, South-Yakutia and West-Yakutia) generated 34,4% industrial production and provided 62,6% export of the Russian Federation in 2002 year. [7]
Territorial production complex is aggregate of the interrelated industrial and agricultural enterprises forming within bounds of the limited territory. Comprehensive analysis of territorial production complexes and regional industrial clusters makes it possible to make distinctions between their formation and development. The territorial production complexes were established in concordance with authorities' decision. Industrial and agricultural enterprises formed territorial production complex couldn't be considered as independent economic agents. Thereby plans and directions enacted by authorities determined the development and functioning of these enterprises and organizations. It is seems essential to emphasize that territorial production complexes met the challenge connected with comprehensive development of economy and compensation of the level of economic and social development of all regions. It is necessary to stress one basic point that during formation of the industrial clusters production forces displace from regions with low clusterization potential to developed competitive clusters. This leads to unbalanced development of the territory. [9]
It is suggested that each of
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