The Usage of Agricultural Grounds on the Radioactively Polluted Areas
O.I. Grynyk,
исследователь, соискатель, Институт агроэкологии и природопользования НААН Украины (03143, Украина, г. Киев, ул. Метрологическая, 12; e-mail: grunuk_o.i.@ukr.net)
Аннотация. В статье рассмотрены разработки практических мероприятий по эффективной экологизации использования земельных угодий на радиоактивных загрязненных территориях повышения их плодородия и внедрение экологически безопасных комплексных ресурсосберегающих технологий улучшения и использования земель в сельскохозяйственном производстве. направленные на охрану земельных ресурсов от загрязнения, а также повышения эффективности их использования, воспроизводства плодородия почв, выращивания на них экологически чистой продукции, внедрения инноваций и экологобезопасных технологий.
Abstract. The development of practical measures to promote greening of ground usage on polluted areas to increase their fertility and implementation of modern environmental resource-saving complex technologies of improving the useage of grounds for agricultural production, aiming to protect ground resources from pollution, and also to increase the efficiency of their usage, restoration of ground fertility, growing ecological food, implementation of innovations and ecological technologies have been viewed in the article.
Ключевые слова: земли, сельское хозяйство, радиоактивно загрязненные территории.
Keywords: grounds, agriculture, radioactively polluted areas.
Large territories of agricultural and forest grounds which due to their agronomic and climate characteristics are agricultural production areas were polluted as a result of catastrophe at Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Nowadays because of the global food crisis we have not only the historical and moral , but also social and economic necessity of providing agricultural production on the areas polluted as a result of catastrophe at Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant , that require their complex revival and faster development. The appropriate plan of actions concerning agricultural production, complex revival and development of radiactively polluted areas should be based on the current level of ground usage.
Theoretical and practical aspects of the determination of ecological and economic efficiency of ground usage have been the subject of research by many well-known scientists including:
V.G. Andreychuk , I.K. Bystryakov, V.M. Budzyaka , D.S. Dobriak, P.G. Kazmira, V.J. Meselya - Veselyaka , L.Y. Nowakowski , P.T. Sabluk, M.G. Stupen, A.M. Tretyak , M.K. Shykuly and others. The peculiarities of farming on the
137 90
grounds polluted with Cs and Sr are viwed in works of S.U. Bulygin, A.I. Dutov, A.S .Malinowski , B. S. Priester , V. P. Slavov , A.I. Furdychko and others. Researches providing environmental safety and economic effectiveness of agricultural production on polluted areas are being implemented by scientific staff of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental of National Academy of Agricultural Science . However, in spite of the large number of done researches , the problem requires systematic monitoring and updating information and scientific basis for the usage of agricultural grounds on these areas.
The aim of the search is to analyse the condition of the usage of agricultural grounds on radio-actively polluted areas.
At present, special attention should be paid to about 1.24 million hectares of agricultural grounds with ground pollution level with 137Cs from 1 to 15 Cu/km2, of which 131 thousand hectares are
polluted from 5 to 15 Cu/km . Due to the current Law of Ukraine " Legal Regulations of the Territory Polluted by Chornobyl Catastrophe"7 3], grounds on mineral soils with pollution level of 3 Cs over 15 Cu/ km2 and grounds on organogenic soils with pollution level above 5 Cu/km2 temporarily were derived from the ground usage . On some areas the usage of natural and semi-natural grounds, where marginal soil and peatbogs are present , causes extensive incorporation of radionuclides in the food chain " plants - animals - livestock products ." Without taking appropriate measures in these regions we can expect a long exceeded allowable levels (AL) of radionuclides in milk and meat [7 , p. 25].
Agricultural and forestry activities are being provided on other grounds. The content of radionuclides in agricultural goods produced due to the strict relevant recommendations, does not exceed current standards of 1t3h7e radiological safety. The cases of excessing of 137Cs in vegetables and potatoes, as well as excessing of 90Sr in grain , occurs in 5 localities boarding to the exclusion zone. The implementation of anti-radiation measures to radiologically safe production of agricultural products has been stopped recently which is the result of this type of situation ( Table 2).
Table 2
The specific activity of 90Sr in grain grown on agricultural grounds on critical areas of Ukraine (Kiev region. , Ivankov district ), 2010
LOCALITY CROP 90Sr, Bq/kg AL-2006 content 90Sr in grain food, Bq/kg
Dityatki oats 60±4 20
Prybirsk rye 40±5 20
Dityatki rye 70±5 20
Straholissya rye 22±3 20
Zorin rye 30±2.4 20
Gornostaypol rye 9±2.2 20
Zorin wheat 41±3 20
Gornostaypol wheat 14±3 20
Journal of Economy and entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, Nom. 6
O.I. Grynyk The Usage of Agricultural Grounds on the Radioactively Polluted Areas
Grasslands and pastures being also at the critical edge of radiation terms as they are situated on the peatbogs and sod- podzolic soils which have the high transfer coefficient of radionuclides from soil to plants dominate in the structure of agricultural radioactively polluted areas. [1 , p. 54]. 744.3 thou-
sand hectares of arable land, 228.4 hectares of grrasslands, 194.6 of pastures and 4.9 hectares of perennial crops refer to polluted areas where the agricultural activity is provided. ( Table 1).
Structure of polluted agricultural grounds of Polissia of Ukraine dated 2010, he
Table 1
№ REGION Total grounds Including
Arable land grasslands pastures Perennial crops
1 Volyn 115328 54604 31710 28906 108
2 Zhytomyr 386602 268135 52988 63278 2201
3 Kiev 262400 188532 44527 28431 910
4 Rovno 236878 136327 55735 44110 706
5 Chernigov 171156 96746 43486 29928 996
TOTAL 1172364 744344 228446 194563 4921
After the catastrophe at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant 130,6 thousand hectares of agricultural grounds which need rehabilitation and return to economic usage due to their purpose were derived from commercial circulation because of the
high levels of radioactive pollution. In Fig. 1 it is shown that the amount of alkalinity and realkalinity of meadows and pastures has began to decline sharply since 1991 , and in 2000 - almost stopped [2, 4].
120 11Q 100 90 B0 TO 60
3 50 £
, 11215
♦ - ♦
23,4
49,7
♦ ,519 ^49 t * *
*WJ VJJ-' \
40
30 2010 0
Fig. 1. The actual amount of alkalinity and realkalinity of meadows and pastures on the territory of Ukraine polluted by theChernobyl disaster, thousand of he.
♦1a74 TBI 0.3«
4,89 i 32 1,52 3,96 4 49 3,SS „43 ^
> - ♦ '
In Fig. 2 it is shown that the activities of liming acid soils suspended in 1997, and since 2008 have been completely stopped.
Unfortunately, this kind of situation can go on in future, as the implementation of the State Programme of overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in 2006-2010 has been finished, and the development of the new programme is not being performed. Moreover, the well -organized mechanism of control over the content of radionu-clides in agricultural products has been neglected. That is, in fact, we allow a violation of Art. 16, 50 of the Constitution of Ukraine.
Thus, the ecological and economic assessment of polluted grounds depends on the degree of pollution by radioactive substances, soil types , where crops are grown . Given the costs that will be incurred as a result of additional liming acid soils and fertilization in optimal doses should be adjusted monetary valuation of arable lands on polluted areas [ 5, p. 44].
Taking into consideration mentioned above, among directions and tools of rehabilitation of agricultural production and sustainable usage of agricul-
tural grounds in areas polluted by the Chernobyl disaster, are the following:
- legal instruments: a system of improving the legal regulation of activities concerning overcoming the concequences caused by Chornobyl disaster, providing adequate legal support for the Programme;
- administrative instruments based on the renewed legal framework : standards , technical regulations , guidelines , terms , etc.;
1. economic instruments: tax relief, bids, grants, subsidies, loans, leasing, insurance, payments for environmental management, etc.;
2. investment instruments: creating conditions for attracting domestic and foreign investment ;
- environmental instruments: environmental management system, quality management, environmental assessment, agroecological auditing, environmental labeling, and in the future - organic farming, etc.;
1. land surveying instruments and continuous monitoring of polluted areas as a result of the Chernobyl catastrophe: GIS and remote sensing technology, optimized cadastral survey,
Экономмка u npeflnpiiHiiMaTenbCTBO, № 6, 2014 r.
environmental engineering, a special organization of the territory of the new logistics solutions, etc.;
2. - scientific instruments: research, development of scientifically based technologies, scientific support projects;
70 i 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 -15 -10 5 H 0
* 69,99
social- economic instruments : an integrated approach to the development of agricultural production while the integrated development of rural areas, providing communication and education mechanisms: broadband systems, training, consulting, counseling and more.
+ 63,3
♦ 35,6
1 t
29,Ц
♦ 23,8 ¿1,2
♦ 13,1
5.98
, Л , 3,95
* , ♦ 162 1.91 4 - 4
♦ 2,58 ♦ - ♦ ,
-1-1-1-1-1-♦-1-1
Z83 3'18 1,74 __ 0,7
Для дальнейшего прочтения статьи необходимо приобрести полный текст. Статьи высылаются в формате PDF на указанную при оплате почту. Время доставки составляет менее 10 минут. Стоимость одной статьи — 150 рублей.