ИЗВЕСТИЯ РАИ. СЕРИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ, 2007, том 71, № 9, с. 1367-1371
УДК 539
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR DATA SERVICES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
© 2007 Alan L. Nichols, Otto Schwerer, Svetlana Dunaeva
Nuclear Data Section, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: a.nichols@iaea.org
The Nuclear Data Section (NDS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) offers cost-free nuclear data services to scientists worldwide. Most major experimental, evaluated and bibliographic databases are made available through the Internet, and on CD-ROM and other media. These databases are used in a wide range of applications, including fission- and fusion-energy, non-energy applications and basic research studies. An overview is given of the most important nuclear reaction and nuclear structure databases and of selected special purpose libraries.
Multinational data networks and highly-focused Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) are organised and sponsored under the auspices of the IAEA for the development and assembly of databases through the participation of recognised specialists from Member States. Further information concerning the various services can be found through the IAEA-NDS Web address: http://www-nds.iaea.org, while mirror sites at IPEN, Brazil, and BARC, India, can be accessed through: http://www-nds.ipen.br/ or http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in/, respectively.
1. INTRODUCTION
The IAEA Nuclear Data Section has been accumulating and distributing atomic and nuclear data libraries for more than forty years, and has evolved the most comprehensive collection of international atomic and nuclear data libraries [1, 2]. The NDS offers these libraries and associated data services cost-free to all IAEA Member States. The user community of these nuclear data services spans a wide spectrum of nuclear science applications, that includes nuclear engineers, specialists in nuclear safety, radioactive waste management and materials analysis, safeguards inspectors, researchers in nuclear medicine, nuclear geologists and scientists working in basic nuclear physics, fusion, astrophysics and environmental science.
The primary aims of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section are to develop and disseminate atomic and nuclear data in forms appropriate for a wide range of applications, as requested by IAEA Member States. Other dedicated work is identified with technology transfer activities to assist scientists of developing countries in order to extend their expertise and predictive capabilities with confidence across a wide range of atomic and nuclear applications.
2. DATA TYPES AND MAJOR LIBRARIES
Atomic and nuclear data can be categorized in terms of three main groups:
• reaction data - interactions of various projectiles such as neutrons, protons, electrons or photons with target nuclei, atoms or molecules,
• structure and decay data - atomic, molecular and nuclear energy levels, half-lives and radioactive decay radiations,
• atomic and molecular data - interactions between particles and surfaces. The types of information compiled for these groupings can be bibliographic, experimental or evaluated data.
• Bibliographic data: compilation of references with some description of the contents, but no numerical data. The main bibliographic library for reaction data is CINDA, while comprehensive details of nuclear structure and decay data references can be found in Nuclear Science References (NSR).
• Experimental data: results of individual measurements as reported by the original authors. An important example is the EXFOR/CSISRS library of experimental nuclear reaction data.
Evaluated data: recommended values are based on the evaluation of all available data from experiments and/or theory, derived from a critical analysis of the experimental data and their uncertainties, inter- and extrapolation, and/or nuclear model calculations.
• Calculated data: significant amounts of atomic and nuclear data, as well as molecular structure characteristics, are difficult to measure and are generated by means
of various modelling codes. Under most circumstances, nuclear data related computer codes are distributed by the OECD NEA Data Bank in Paris, France, to scientists from IAEA Member States (available on-line at http://www.nea.fr/html/dbprog/), or by the Radiation Shielding Information Computational Center (RSICC), Oak Ridge, USA (available on-line at http://www-rs-icc.ornl.gov/, although access charges may be made) for codes of US origin. Some utility programs and PC packages are also available on-line or on CD-ROM from NDS. Much of the work is undertaken in cooperation with other major data centres, particularly in the Russian Federation and the USA, and with the NEA/OECD Data Bank in Paris, France. A particularly noteworthy example has involved the combined efforts of staff at the US National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory and the IAEA Nuclear Data Section to introduce multiplatform relational databases and associated software in order to extend and improve considerably their data communications with the user [3]. The IAEA Nuclear Data Section holds a total of about 100 nuclear data libraries, representing enormous economic and scientific value. All libraries and the related documentation are available free of charge to scientists in Member States. An overview is given Index of Nuclear Data Libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section [4], and a brief description of the contents and/or format for most libraries are published in an IAEA-NDS-series report [5].
2.1. Reaction data libraries
• CINDA (Computer Index of Nuclear Data): bibliography of nuclear reaction data, including unpublished reports and computer files; references describing the same experiment(s) are listed together - has been extended online to include photonuclear and charged-particle reaction data (available on-line at http://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/cinda.htm). Bibliography of neutron-induced reactions is also available in book form [6] and on CD-ROM.
• EXFOR (CSISRS in the USA): experimental nuclear reaction data library compiled on a continuous basis by the international network of nuclear reaction data centres under the coordination of the NDS [7]. These files contain neutron- and charged-particle-induced and pho-tonuclear data, including integral and all types of differential cross sections, resonance parameters, polarization data, fission product yields, and other related data types. The nuclear data in EXFOR are linked to the CINDA bibliography. Data can be retrieved in several formats, including computational format for graphical and other forms of processing. EXFOR is commonly used by eval-uators as the starting point for cross-section evaluations, by applied users when no evaluations are available, and by nuclear physics researchers measuring or calculating cross-section data (available on-line at http://www-nds.iaea.orR/exfor/exfor00.htm and on CD-ROM).
• Evaluated cross section data libraries in ENDF-6 format (available on-line at http://www-nds.iaea.org/nd-spub/documents/endf/endfl02/): all major "general purpose" evaluated libraries ENDF-B/VI version 8 (USA), BROND-2.2 (Russia), JEFF-3.1 (NEA/OECD), JENDL-3.3 (Japan) and CENDL-2 (China) are available on-line ("ENDF" database) and on CD-ROM [8] (http://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf00.htm ). These libraries cover the neutron energy range from 10-5 eV to 20 MeV, with specific evaluations extending to higher energies (up to 1 GeV); some charged-particle-induced reaction are also included. Output is available in several forms including graphical plots; various software packages (pre-processing and utility codes) are accessible for specific forms of data handling (http://www-nds.iaea.org/ndspub/endf/pre-pro/ and http://www-nds.iaea.org/ndspub/endf/utilitv/); derived point-wise data are also available (http://www-nds.iaea.org/point2004/). Evaluated and experimental cross sections can be compared on-line using the ZVView software package (http://www-nds.iaea.org/ndspub/ zview/).
• NSR (Nuclear Science References): bibliographic database for low and intermediate energy nuclear physics - main bibliography for nuclear structure and decay data and for non-neutron reaction data that covers the literature from 1910 to present (available on-line at ht-tp://www-nds.iaea.org/nsr/index.jsp).
2.2. Structure and decay data libraries
• ENSDF (Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File) is the "master library" of nuclear structure and decay data maintained by multinational evaluation efforts through an international network coordinated by the IAEA. The US National Nuclear Data Center is responsible for the master file which contains evaluated experimental data for most known nuclides in the mass range 1-294. The evaluations are individually undertaken for mass chains, and are published in Nuclear Data Sheets (available online at http://nds121.iaea.org/ensdf/index.jsp).
• MIRD - Medical Internal Radiation Dose: based on ENSDF data that have been processed through the RADLST code. Tables of data include energies, intensities and doses of all radiations, including X-rays, Auger electrons, etc., and decay scheme plots for all selected nuclides (available on-line at http://www-nds.iaea.org/ mird/).
• NuDat [9]: user-friendly extracts of the most important data from ENSDF, plus thermal neutron data (cross sections and resonance integrals). This powerful software tool has been developed at the US National Nuclear Data Center, and can be used to search a number of nuclear structure and decay databases (most notably ENS-DF) for the nuclear level and decay properties of all known ground and excited states (available on-line at ht-tp://www-nds.iaea.org/nudat2/index.jsp).
• Nuclear Wallet Cards [10]: basic properties of ground and metastable states, available
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