Статья поступила в редакцию 12.08.2010. Ред. рег. № 854
The article has entered in publishing office 12.08.2010. Ed. reg. No. 854
FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
S. Sugawara, A. Ohma, Y. Tabuchi and K. Shinohara
Nissan Research Center NISSAN Motor Co., Ltd.
1, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan Author for correspondence, Dr. K. Shinohara
Nissan Research Center Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
1, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan Telephone: +81-46-867-5331, Fax: +81-46-866-5336, E-mail k-shino@mail.nissan.co.jp
The biggest issue that must be addressed in promoting widespread use of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) is to reduce the cost of the fuel cell system while maintaining and improving its performance and functionality. Specifically, the overall system must be simplified and the cost of the fuel cell stack itself must be reduced. The technological challenge here is to secure the necessary transport properties and electrochemical reactions in the fuel cell stack so as to ensure high cell voltage under wide-ranging conditions for temperature, humidity, oxygen concentration, reactant gas flow rates and current densities. Toward that end, the effects of these parameters on fuel cell performance must be understood more thoroughly in order to identify and control the main governing factors involved. We have been working to elucidate transport and reaction phenomena by applying experimental analyses and computational science methods in a complementary manner to investigate the phenomena that occur in a fuel cell. This article presents an overall picture of these analyses.
ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ТОПЛИВНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ
С. Сугавара, А. Ома, Й. Табучи, К. Шинохара
Самая серьезная задача, которую необходимо решить для обеспечения более широкого использования автомобилей на топливных элементах - это снижение стоимости системы на топливных элементах с одновременным сохранением и улучшением ее эксплуатационных характеристик и функциональности. В частности, необходимо упростить систему в целом и снизить стоимость самой батареи топливных элементов. Технологическая сложность здесь состоит в обеспечении необходимых транспортных свойств и электрохимических реакций в батарее топливных элементов для получения высокого напряжения элемента в широком диапазоне температур, уровней влажности, концентраций кислорода, расходов взаимодействующих газов и плотностей тока. Это требует более глубокого понимания влияния этих параметров для определения и управления основными определяющими факторами. Мы занимаемся изучением процессов переноса и взаимодействия, происходящих в топливном элементе, путем проведения взаимодополняющих экспериментальных исследований и расчетов. В данной статье приведена общая картина этих исследований.
Kazuhiko Shinohara
Organization(s): Senior Manager, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. , Ph.D in Materials Science.
Education: Tokyo Inst. Technology (1975-1981, 1984-1986, 1991-92).
Experience: Research Scientist, Stanford University (1988-1990). Deputy Director, Technology Research Association FC-Cubic (2010).
Main range of scientific interests: Materials Science, Energy Conversion Devices, Materials Analysis, Fuel Cell Fundamental Analysis.
Organization(s): Advanced Materials Laboratory, Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., Manager, Dr. Eng.
Education: Waseda University, School of Science and Engineering (1988-1992), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science (1993-1995), Yokohama National University, Graduate School of Engineering (2006-2009).
Experience: Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., Engineer (1995-1998), Atotech Japan K.K., Engineer (19982002), Atotech USA Inc., Chemist (1999-2002).
Main range of scientific interests: Electrocatalysis, electrochemical measurement, energy conversion, corrosion inhibition, nanoparticles, electrodeposition, crystallization.
Seiho Sugawara
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Atsushi Ohma
Organization(s): Advanced Materials Laboratory, Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., Manager, Dr. Eng.
Education: Waseda University (1991-1995), Tokyo Inst. Technology (2007-2010).
Experience: Toshiba Co., Ltd., Engineer (1995-2002), Toshiba International Fuel Cells Co., Ltd., Engineer (2002).
Main range of scientific interests: Energy Conversion, Mechanical Engineering, Thermal Dynamics, Electrochemistry, Computational Science, Fuel Cell Fundamental Analysis.
Yuuichiro Tabuchi
Organization(s): EV System Laboratory, Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., assistant manager.
Education: .University of Tokyo, aerospace engineering (1995-1999).
Experience: NGK cooperation (1999-2004), Research Scientist, The Pennsylvania State University (20062007).
Main range of scientific interests: Energy Conversion Devices, Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Dynamics, Fuel Cell Fundamental Analysis
1 Introduction
A stationary fuel cell system called ENE-FARM is already being sold in Japan for home use as one type of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). It is projected that commercialization of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) will begin in 2015 and that the FCV business will become profitable from around 2025, as shown in Fig. 1. This scenario envisioned for the commercialization of FCVs has been proposed by the Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ). In line with this scenario, manufacturers and other organizations are moving ahead with vigorous research and development efforts. However, in order to promote widespread use of FCVs by the general public, the vehicles will need to have
suitable cost and performance levels to be accepted by consumers in the initial stage of commercialization. To usher in full-scale commercialization, it will be necessary to demonstrate that FCVs have the required technologies to be competitive with conventional vehicles in terms of cost and performance.
Issues pointed out in the FCVs offered to date include power density, subzero startup capability, durability and cost, among others. With the exception of cost, extensive research and development efforts have produced technologies for addressing these issues, with the result that current FCVs now compare favorably with conventional vehicles fitted with an internal combustion engine (ICE). However, there remains a need to reduce the cost of FCVs substantially.
Commercialization Scenario for FCVs and H2 Stations
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Phase 1 Technology Demonstration Phase 2 j Technology & Market ! Demonstration |
[JHFC-21 2010 2011 [Post JHFC] 2015 j;
Phase 3 Early Commercialization
2025
•Solving technical issues and promotion of review regulations (Verifying & reviewing development progress as needed)
•Verifying utility of FCVs and H2 stations from socio-economic viewpoint
Approx. 2 million FCVs
•Expanding production and sales of FCVs while maintaining convenience of FCV users
•Reducing costs for H2 stations and hydrogen fuel
•Continuously conducting technology development and review of regulations
Phase 4 Full Commercialization
[Profitable business
2026
ation Period 1
Contribute to diversity of energy sources and reduction of CO2 emissions
Increase numbers'of FCV and H2 stations^ based on profttâbfe business
_
Costs for H2 station construction and hydrogen reach targets, making the station business viable. (FCV 2,000 units/station)
Period in which preceded H2 station building is necessary
Increase of FCV numbers through introduction of more vehicle models
I
Note: Vertical axis indicates the relative scale between vehicle number & station number.
Year
Precondition: Benefit for FCV users (price/convenience etc.) are secured, and FCVs are widely and smoothly deployed
Fig. 1. Commercialization scenario proposed by FCCJ
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 9 (89) 2010
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2010
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Reducing the cost of FCVs requires not only a reduction of the cost of the fuel cell stack itself, but also a substantial reduction of the cost of the overall fuel cell system. Naturally, the effect of volume production can be expected to bring down the cost at the time of full-scale commercialization. Additionally, in terms of technology, it will be necessary to develop a fuel cell stack capable of delivering the necessary and sufficient performance even in systems simplified for cost savings.
One effective measure for achieving a low-cost fuel cell system is to simplify its complex structure, including that of the cooling system and the various systems for supplying reactant gases, water, and oxygen. However, the challenge of maintaining and improving the performance and durability of the fuel cell system while simplifying its constituent parts will be one of the biggest issues that will have to be addressed in future research and development work. For example, the structure of the catalyst layer of a fuel cell consists mainly of platinum (Pt), carbon, electrolyte and pores. Measuring this structure and composition accurately is still difficult to accomplish. Nor is it easy to measure accurately the electrochemical behavior of the Pt catalyst under various cell operating environments or the states and mobility of water, oxygen, protons and other substances involved in the internal electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the structure and functionality of the electrolyte membrane, gas diffusion layer, separator plates and other components making up a fuel cell influence changes in the internal environment of the catalyst layer, making it even more difficult to measure the resultant phenomena.
In order to understand the complex phenomena occurring inside a fuel cell and define their governing factors, we have been developing experimental techniques at Nissan for measuring the properties of each of the constituent materials along with methods for modeling their structures. In parallel with those efforts, we h
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