HYDROGEN ENERGY IN TURKEY
E. Orkun*, M. Qetinkaya, F. Karaosmanoglu
Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department 34469, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey Ph.: +90 212 285 68 37; fax: +90 212 285 29 25; e-mail: mervecetinkaya@yahoo.com, filiz@itu.edu.tr
"Istanbul Technical University, Aerospace & Aeronautical Engineering Department
34469, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey Ph.: +90 212 285 68 37; fax: +90 212 285 29 25; e-mail: ertimork@yahoo.com
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Research activities: currently responsible for biodiesel, biolubricant and used diesel engine lubricant activities. Research interests:
■ biofuels: alcohol-gasoline blends as a SI engine fuel-bioethanol and methanol; biodiesel: http://www.biyomotorin-biodiesel.com; biogas: http:// www.biyogaz.com; pyrolysis of biomass; biocoal-biochar-biobriquet;
■ hydrogen;
■ fuel cell;
■ lubricating oil technologies: environmental friendly lubricants-biobased lubricants; additives for lubricating oils; oil recovery.
Karaosmanoglu Filiz Educational background:
■ Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, November 1990;
■ MSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, June 1984;
■ BSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, June 1982.
Professional experience: Academic staff of Istanbul Technical University Dep. of Chemical Engineering (1983-).
Publications: 41 contributions to International Conferences, 51 articles in peer-reviewed Journals and 6 books editing; 22 Technical National Project Reports and an EU Report entitled "ESTO Study on the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Large-Scale Production of Bio-fuels in EU-Candidate Countries", Project of Institute for Prospective Technologic Studies for IPTS - EU.
MSc. Student
Research activities: currently responsible for MSc Thesis study on "Numerical Investigations for Scaling Parameters of Highly Underexpanded Supersonic Jets".
Research interests:
■ aerothermodynamic
■ combustion (internal combustion engines) Educational background:
■ MSc. in Aeronautical-Astronautical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2004;
■ BSc. in Astronautical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2002;
■ the Koc School, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1997.
A
Orkun Ertim
Publications: one article in peer-reviewed journals, two presentations in national conferences; member of Technical and Social Activities Committee of V. Symposium of National Clean Energy UTES'2004 (http://www.temizenerji.itu.edu.tr).
A Research activities: currently responsible for MSc Thesis study on "Used
Cooking Oil Originated Biodiesel as a Generator Fuel".
Research interests:
■ biofuels: biodiesel, biogas, biochar;
■ Lubricants: biobased lubricants, oil recovery.
Educational background:
■ MSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, May 2004;
■ BSc. in Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, June 2001;
Qetinkaya Merve ■ Robert College, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1997.
Professional experience: "University Supported Exchange Visitor - Student Non-Degree", Iowa State University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ames, IA, October-November 2003.
Publications: eight contributions to international conferences and seven articles in peer-reviewed journals; technical national reports and an EU report entitled ESTO study on the techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of bio-fuels in EU-candidate countries, project of Institute for prospective technologic studies for IPTS-EU; member of Executive Council of V. Symposium of National Clean Energy UTES'2004 (http://www.temizenerji.itu.edu.tr)
As fossil fuel resources deplete all around the world, researches and investments on renewable energy resources increase. Hydrogen is the most important of all renewable energy types and it is accepted to be the energy of our future due to its simplicity, abundance on nature, diversified resources and energy content. Turkey as a country, who is highly dependent on foreign resources must give great importance to domestic and renewable resources. Turkey must catch up the rapidly growing trend of hydrogen energy all around the world. In Turkey, scientific researches on hydrogen energy and related subjects have been going on for a long time. Since two years, both private sector and the government pay great attention to hydrogen energy and the interest increases day by day. The aim of this study is to investigate the last position of hydrogen energy in Turkey from academic, governmental and industrial points of view.
Introduction
Fossil fuels have a dominant share in the world's energy production. Although they are a gift of earth to humankind, the increase in world population, industrialization, social and economical choices and most importantly environmental problems such as global warming, greenhouse effect and climate change directed the world to alternative choices at the second half of the last century. Environmental effects pushed countries to put strict standards and targets for future emissions like Montreal, Kyoto Protocols and Johannesburg World Summit. Although fossil fuels are cheap, easy and familiar for us to use, but most of them will be exhausted within this or the next century. The last researches show that petroleum resources will deplete in 41 years, where as natural gas in 62 years and coal in 230 years [1]. We can use electricity directly in many applications, but a new fuel alternative will be needed to store energy for other applications such as transportation. Renewable energy resources like wind, solar, hydraulic, geothermal, wave, bio-fuels are getting more and
more important every day all around the world, and hydrogen seems to be the energy resource of our future. Including the mineral oil derived fuel producers a large number of companies are working on renewable resources and hydrogen. Many governments encourage such researches. Countries and organizations such as EU and USA puts hydrogen energy into their energy programs and leave high budgets for improving hydrogen technology. The level of interest can be understood with "Energy Bill", which is 5 billion Euro, that is given to hydrogen energy technology by EU and 3 billion USD from USA government for hydrogen production, transportation and application [2].
As the hydrogen energy gets more and more important and becomes a critical point in countries' future energy policies, it is necessary to scope into its position in Turkey. This paper focuses on hydrogen energy studies in Turkey and summarizes the last situation through different aspects.
Turkey's energy profile
As the energy demand increases every year, the dependence to foreign resources increases expo-
nentially in Turkey. An increase in energy consumption and a decrease in national production cause the gap to grow very rapidly. In 1990, domestic energy production was 47.7% of total demand, where as in 2000 it became 33 %. Energy consumption per capita is 1900 kW per year [3]. Turkey has insufficient fossil fuel reserves (oil and natural gas) and highly dependent on foreign resources for petroleum products since only 33 % of her energy consumption can be supplied from domestic resources [4]. In Table 1, the energy production and consumption values of different resources between years 1996 and 2001 are given [5]. The mentioned gap between energy production and consumption can be clearly seen in Table 1. As it can be seen from the table, the production of fossil fuels is far less than the consumption amounts. For example, although the natural gas production in 2001 decreased to 312 million m3, the consumption increased by 1253 million m3. The renewable energy production and consumption values are small when compared to fossil fuel resources due to lack of modern renewable energy technologies.
According to the report prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey, difference between national production and total demand will increase next 20 years. In Fig. 1, the expected difference between energy production and consumption until 2025 are given. It can be seen from the chart that the difference in 2012 will be doubled in 2024 [6].
Renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, hydraulic, geothermal and hydrogen will have to be considered and will be used in the future, because of the coming shortage in the fossil fuel resources all around the world. Re-
newable energy production is at the second place after coal production in Turkey, although there is a lack of modern renewable energy technologies. Hydro-electrical energy covers almost one fifth of the county's energy production, but it is not sufficient for future consumption even though there is enough hydraulic resources. Only 30 % of the total hydro-electrical energy capacity is produced in the country. Wind energy possibilities have started only recently and a production of totally 19 MW is available, where as there is almost 3000 MW wind power potential in the country. Solar and biomass resources are additional possibilities but none of these are individually or collectively can meet the energy demand of Turkey in the long run and in the process of industrialisation [7]. According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey, an increase in renewable energy production is expected, although the ratio over total demand will decease according to the rise in energy demand [1].
In Table 2, we can see the renewable energy consumption-production values and projections for the next 20 years [8]. It can be seen from the table that production of all renewable energies other than biomass is expected to increase. Although Turkey has a wide agricultural land, a decrease in biomass energy production is expected for the next 25 years. Especially energy production based on geothermal, solar and wind energy resources, which are new technologies for Turkey, will increase rapidly.
From the renewable resources, hydrogen s
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