ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ И НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ ЦЕНТРЫ
EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTRES
Статья поступила в редакцию 03.08.12. Ред. рег. № 1386 The article has entered in publishing office 03.08.12. Ed. reg. No. 1386
УДК 620.91
ЛАТВИЙСКАЯ ВОДОРОДНАЯ АССОЦИАЦИЯ: ПУТЬ К ПРИМЕНЕНИЮ ВОДОРОДНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ЛАТВИИ
Я. Клеперис1, Б. Слока2
1Институт физики твердого тела при Латвийском университете
Латвия, Рига, LV-1063, ул. Кенгарага, д. 8 Тел.: (+371)67262145, (+371)67132778; e-mail: kleperis@latnet.lv 2Факультет экономики и менеджмента при Латвийском университете Латвия, Рига, LV-1063, бульв. Аспазияс, д. 5 Тел.: (+371) 29244966; e-mail: biruta.sloka@lu.lv
Заключение совета рецензентов: 20.08.12 Заключение совета экспертов: 25.08.12 Принято к публикации: 30.08.12
Исследование водородных технологий в Латвии имеет долгую историю, однако Водородная ассоциация была основана только в 2005 г. Основными задачами Ассоциации являются сбор информации по водородным технологиям и проектам в ЕС и в мире; налаживание контактов с аналогичными структурами в соседних государствах и использование их опыта; актуализация данных по исследованиям в Латвии; организация в Латвии всевозможных мероприятий для ученых; распространение понимания водородной экономики среди политиков и чиновников; стимулирование государственной поддержки исследований водородных технологий; стимулирование реализации демонстрационных и рыночно ориентированных проектов, разработанных при содействии частных лиц и государственных структур.
Ключевые слова: водородная ассоциация, водородные технологии, история исследований водорода.
LATVIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION: PATHWAY TO IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN LATVIA
J. Kleperis1, B. Sloka2
'Institute of Solid State Physics; University of Latvia 8 Kengaraga str., Riga, LV-1063, Latvia Tel.: (+371)67262145, (+371)67132778; e-mail: kleperis@latnet.lv 2Faculty of Economics and Management of University of Latvia Aspazijas bulv. 5, Riga, LV-1050, Latvia Tel.: (+371) 29244966; e-mail: biruta.sloka@lu.lv
Referred: 20.08.12 Expertise: 25.08.12 Accepted: 30.08.12
Latvian Hydrogen Association was established on 2005 with tasks to gather information on hydrogen projects and activities in EU and World; to establish contacts with Hydrogen Associations in neighborhood countries and learn from their experience and achievements; to maintain the data base about hydrogen researches and projects in Latvia; to organize seminars and round-table discussions for hydrogen related researchers in Latvia; to disseminate the ideas and conceptions about hydrogen economy and hydrogen society between politicians and governmental clerks; to call on the Latvian government to promote and support the research, development and education activities in hydrogen energy technologies; to stipulate the realization of hydrogen energy demonstration projects and market - oriented hydrogen technology activities between private and governmental institutions.
Keywords: hydrogen association, hydrogen technologies, history of hydrogen researches.
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 09 (113) 2012
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2012
Professor of Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Latvia. Scientific interests: marketing research; regional development; education development. She teaches the following courses: Research Methods and Organization, Recent Research Methods in Economics and Management, Marketing Research, Quantitative Mehods in Marketing Research, Quantitative Methods in Decision Making, Multivariate Analysis. Professional activities: Member of Council of Faculty of Economics and Management; Council of Management study programs at University of Latvia; Member of the European Studies Program Board; Chairperson of Baltic Sea Region Studies program in University of Latvia; Director of EuroFaculty Riga Centre (September 1, 2000 - June 30, 2005); The expert in higher education quality assurance; President of Latvian Association of Statisticians. Biruta Sloka has more than 70 scientific publications.
Biruta Sloka
Introduction
World energy resources are based on fossil fuels mostly (coal, oil, gas) which don't regenerate and will be run low after 30-80 years [1]. The forecasts from Olduvai theory [2] shows that our Industrial Civilization will be last on the Earth, because all fossil energy resources available on our Earth will be exhausted very soon (next 50-80 years). Accordingly estimations from that theory on 2025 we will be equal with 1930, when there were fossil resources and no technologies, but on 2025 we will have technologies and no fossil resources. Therefore it is necessary to elaborate alternative energy sources today. Also Latvia's energy balance is based mostly on the burning of fossil fuels and importing it from neighbour countries [3]. One from much outstanding alternative energy sources is hydrogen [4].
Hydrogen is considered to be an ideal energy carrier in the foreseeable future [5]. It can be produced from water by using a variety of energy sources, such as solar, nuclear and fossil, and it can be converted into useful energy forms efficiently and without detrimental environmental effects. The only by-product is water or water vapour and small amounts of NOx (if air is used for hydrogen combustion). When solar, wind, hydropower energy are used to produce hydrogen from water, both the primary and secondary forms of energy become renewable and environmentally compatible, resulting in an ideal, clean and permanent energy system - the Solar (Wind, Hydropower) Hydrogen Energy System.
Hydrogen can be used in any application in which fossil fuels are being used today, with sole exception of cases in which carbon is specifically needed. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in furnaces, internal combustion engines, turbines and jet engines, even more efficiently than fossil fuels, i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas. Automobiles, buses, trains, ships, submarines, airplanes and rockets can run on hydrogen. Hydrogen can also be converted directly to electricity by the fuel cells, with a variety of applications in transportation and stationary power generation. Metal hydride technologies offer a variety of applications in refrigeration, air conditioning, hydrogen storage and purification. Combustion of hydrogen with oxygen results in pure steam, which has
many applications in industrial processes. Moreover, hydrogen is an important industrial gas and raw material in numerous industries, such as computer, metallurgical, chemical, pharmaceutical, fertilizer and food industries.
In this article we will summarize the hydrogen research history and active projects in Latvia.
Accessibility of Electricity from Renewable Resources - Latvia's Case
The power supply in Latvia is based on local resources - water, wind, biogas (partly from waste), wood, peat, and on imported resources (natural gas, natural liquid gas, oil products (including heavy black oil) and coal [26]. Total demand for electricity in Latvia only partly (63% in 2002) is covered with that produced on the site. If energy for heating in Latvia is produced from fossil fuels mostly (natural gas and heavy oil), than more than half of electricity produced in Latvia are based on local renewable resources (prevalent is water - see Table 1).
Таблица 1
Классификация потребляемой в Латвии энергии по принципу производства в 2002 и 2009 гг.
[26]. HEPS - гидроэлектростанция, TEPS -теплоэнергостанция
Table 1
The classification of electricity consumed Latvia on 2002 and 2009 by production technology [26].
HEPS - hydro-electro-power station, TEPS -thermal-electro-power station
Electricity consumed 2002, % 2009, %
Total supplied electricity i00 i00
Electricity produced in Latvia 62.87 77
HEPS 38.49 46.89
TEPS i 9.58 20.4i
Block-stations, co-generation etc. 4.i6 8.06
HEPS on small rivers 0.47 0.9i
Wind power generators 0.i7 0.69
Biogas electro-stations 0 0.04
Import of electricity 37.i3 23
Only one conclusion can be made from Table 1: to cover import of electricity, the hydrogen technologies must be implemented, using biogas and biomass as valuable local renewable resources.
History of Hydrogen Researches in Latvia
Hydrogen researches in Latvia started more than hundred years ago with Wilhelm Ostwald (born on September 2, 1853 in Riga, Latvia, Professor of Chemistry at the Polytechnicum in Riga 1881-1887) [6]. Ostwald is founder of the field of physical chemistry and provided much of the theoretical understanding of how fuel cells operate. In 1893, he experimentally determined the interconnected roles of the various components of the fuel cell: electrodes, electrolyte, oxidizing and reducing agents, anions, and cations [7]. Grove had speculated that the action in his gas battery occurred at the point of contact between electrode, gas, and electrolyte, but was at a loss to explain further. Ostwald, drawing on his pioneering work in relating physical properties and chemical reactions, solved the puzzle of Grove's gas battery [7]. His exploration of the underlying chemistry of fuel cells laid the groundwork for later fuel cell researchers. Andrew Dravnieks (1912-1986; from 1956 in USA) first researches was about electrolyte in fuel cell, and back in 1961 he with colleagues proposed to use the zirconium phosphate as membrane in fuel cell [8]. Martins Straumanis (1898-1973) worked at Department of Physics of University of Latvia in 1930ies. After Second World War (2WW) he moved to USA and was elected as Professor at Missuri University (USA) on 1962. His first investigations in USA was determination of crystal structures of different metals (Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf u.c.) and hydrogen bronzes (MxWO3, M=H, Na, K, Li) [9]. From 1923 the Department of Physics was established in University of Latvia, and Fricis Gulbis (1897-1978) was first Professor; he conducted research about positive electricity (H+ ions) emission from palladium. Emissi
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