научный журнал по биологии Физиология растений ISSN: 0015-3303

ВОРОНИН П.Ю. — 2014 г.

На примере оригинальной экспериментальной установки проанализирован блочный принцип конструкции открытой СО2/Н2-газоизмерительной, комбинированной с флуориметром, современной системы для изучения дыхания, световой и темновой стадий фотосинтеза и транспирации отделенного листа.

ЕФИМОВА М.В., КУЗНЕЦОВ ВЛ. В., ЛИТВИНОВСКАЯ Р.П., САВЧУК А.Л., ХАСАН ДЖ. А. К., ХОЛОДОВА В.П., ХРИПАЧ В.А. — 2014 г.

Исследовали способность брассиностероидов (на примере 24-эпибрассинолида, ЭБЛ) повышать устойчивость растений рапса (Brassica napus L.) к солевому стрессу (175 мМ NaCl) и возможные механизмы их защитного действия. Проростки рапса выращивали 3 недели на среде Хогланда–Снайдера в стационарных условиях. К растениям опытных вариантов добавляли в среду (1) 175 мМ NaCl, или (2) 10-10 М ЭБЛ, или (3) 175 мМ NaCl и 10-10 М ЭБЛ. Продолжительность воздействия 7 и 14 дней. Засоление подавляло рост растений в высоту на 33–35% по сравнению с контролем, сокращало в 2.0–2.5 раза листовую поверхность, уменьшало сырую и сухую массу растений (в 2.5 и 2.0 раза по сравнению с контролем соответственно), снижало оводненность тканей, а также содержание хлорофиллов а и b на 26–31% и в 2.0 раза соответственно. На действие NaCl растения реагировали развитием окислительного стресса, падением осмотического потенциала клеточного содержимого (до –2 МПа), аккумуляцией пролина (в 43–52 раза) и низкомолекулярных фенольных соединений (в 1.9–2.7 раза). Установлено, что на засоление растения рапса отвечали увеличением эндогенного содержания стероидных гормонов: 24-эпибрассиностероидов (24-эпибрассинолида и 24-эпикастастерона), 24S-метилбрассиностероидов (брассинолида и кастастерона) и 28-гомобрассиностероидов (28-гомобрассинолида и 28-гомокастастерона), что косвенно подтверждает вовлечение брассиностероидов в процесс развития солеустойчивости. Добавление ЭБЛ в питательную среду в оптимальных условиях не оказывало достоверного воздействия на изученные показатели. При солевом стрессе ЭБЛ проявлял выраженный защитный эффект: полностью восстанавливался рост стебля, увеличивалась ассимилирующая поверхность растений до 67–76% от площади листьев контрольного варианта, в значительной степени восстанавливалась сырая и сухая масса (до 85–92% от контрольных значений), снималось ингибирующее действие NaCl на фотосинтетические пигменты. Экзогенный ЭБЛ тормозил развитие NaCl-зависимого перекисного окисления липидов и повышал осмотический потенциал клеточного содержимого листьев. Высказано предположение, что протекторный эффект ЭБЛ в условиях солевого стресса связан с его антиоксидантным действием, которое не обусловлено гормон-индуцируемой аккумуляцией пролина и низкомолекулярных фенольных соединений, а также со способностью регулировать водный статус за счет поддержания внутриклеточного ионного гомеостаза.

АНТАЛ Т.К., ГОЛОВКО Т.К., ДЫМОВА O.В., СОФРОНОВА В.Е. — 2014 г.

Изучены процессы диссипации поглощенной энергии в ФС II ассимилирующих побегов вечнозеленого кустарничка Еphedra monosperma при переходе из вегетирующего в морозоустойчивое состояние в природных условиях Центральной Якутии. Проанализированы динамика показателей модулированной флуоресценции хлорофилла и содержание каротиноидов при сезонном снижении температуры. Снижение температуры сопровождалось поэтапным падением фотохимической активности ФС II (Fv/Fm = (Fm – F0)/Fm). Снижение Fv/Fm происходило с начала сентября до конца октября в диапазоне от 10 до –8°С, при этом в зимнее время сохранялась остаточная активность ФС II на уровне около 30% от летних значений. Сезонное снижение температуры сопровождалось заметным ростом рН-независимых диссипативных процессов в реакционных центрах и антенне ФС II. Увеличение этих потерь энергии сопровождалось пропорциональным ростом содержания зеаксантина на фоне снижения концентрации виолаксантина и -каротина как вероятных предшественников. Одновременно наблюдали подавление механизма светоиндуцированного нефотохимического тушения в антенне ФС II. На основании полученных результатов мы предположили, что при сезонном снижении температуры основными фотозащитными механизмами являются: 1) инактивация ФС II и диссипация энергии возбуждения в реакционных центрах ФС II; 2) диссипация энергии в антенных комплексах с участием зеаксантина. На ранних этапах похолодания, вероятно, преобладает первый механизм, а при наступлении периода постоянных отрицательных температур – задействованы оба механизма.

МАМАЕВА А.С., НОВИКОВА Г.В., НОСОВ А.В., РАКИТИН В.Ю., ФОМЕНКОВ А.А. — 2014 г.

Противоречивые сведения о влиянии этилена на рост и деление клеток побудили нас исследовать цитофизиологические особенности суспензионных культур клеток Arabidopsis thaliana дикого типа Col-0 и мутанта etr1-1, несущего точечную мутацию в сайте связывания этилена рецептором ETR1. Результаты показали, что культура клеток мутанта etr1-1 по ряду цитофизиологических характеристик отличалась от культуры Col-0: имела значительно меньшие скорости роста и размеры клеток, была постоянно коммитирована к формированию трахеальных элементов (ТЭ), обладала выраженным модальным классом ядер (54%) с количеством ДНК 8С и тенденцией к расширению спектра в сторону 32C. Несмотря на отсутствие восприятия сигнала этилена рецептором ETR1, культура клеток мутантного штамма положительно реагировала на экзогенный этилен увеличением интенсивности роста, повышением жизнеспособности и количества клеток, находящихся в S-фазе клеточного цикла. Ингибитор связывания этилена с рецепторами, 1-метилциклопропен, подавлял рост и жизнеспособность клеток обоих генотипов. В культуре клеток etr1-1 ингибитор снижал долю S-фазных ядер и стимулировал образование ТЭ. Совокупность полученных данных указывает на то, что для поддержания жизнеспособности и активного роста клеток in vitro необходимо восприятие и проведение этиленового сигнала. Предполагается, что для оптимального растяжения клеток необходима функциональная активность рецептора ETR1, тогда как за пролиферацию клеток отвечают другие рецепторы.

ГОЛДЕНКОВА-ПАВЛОВА И.В., КИРСАНОВА С.Н., КУКУШКИНА Л.Н., НИКИФОРОВА Х.Р., НОСОВ А.М., ПЧЁЛКИН В.П., СОБОЛЬКОВА Г.И., ЦЫДЕНДАМБАЕВ В.Д., ЮРЬЕВА Н.О. — 2014 г.

Получены трансгенные (DesA-LicBM3) растения картофеля (Solanum tuberosum L., сорт Десница), экспрессирующие ген 12-ацил-липидной десатуразы из цианобактерии Synechosystis sp. PCC 6803. Продемонстрировано достоверное увеличение относительного содержания полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (линолевой и линоленовой) у трансформантов по сравнению с растениями исходного генотипа. При этом имело место повышение показателя устойчивости трансгенных форм к возбудителю фитофтороза (Phytophthora infestans) по сравнению с исходной формой.

ИЛЬИНСКАЯ О.Н., МУХИТОВ А.Р., НАУМЕНКО Е.А., НАУМОВА Р.П., РОДИОНОВ А.А., СИБГАТУЛЛИНА Г.В. — 2013 г.

Воздействие 2,4,6-тринитротолуола (ТНТ) на каллусные клетки гречихи татарской (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) сопровождалось появлением продуктов шестиэлектронного восстановления орто- или паранитрогрупп ксенобиотика – 2-амино-4,6-динитротолуола (2-АДНТ) и 4-амино-2,6-диниторотолуола (4-АДНТ). Выявлено, что ТНТ индуцирует нарушение целостности мембраны клеток, что, вероятно, связано с одноэлектронным восстановлением ксенобиотика, сопряженного с образованием нитроанионного радикала и супероксид-аниона.

DE-LA-CRUZ-CHACON I., GONZALEZ-ESQUINCA A.R. — 2013 г.

In species of the Annonaceae family, particularly Annona diversifolia Safford, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) are secondary metabolites that appear to contribute to the phytopathogen defense mechanisms of plants. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1), amine oxidase (AO, EC 1.4.3.4), tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC, EC 4.1.1.25), and norcoclaurine synthase (NCS, EC 4.2.1.78) catalyze the initial steps in BIA biosynthesis. This study reports the activity of these enzymes in different plant organs at four stages of the early development of A. diversifolia seedlings: seeds imbibed for 5 days, seeds after 3 days of germination, seedlings with leaf primordia, and seedlings with two true leaves. Evaluations were performed according to specific protocols for each of the enzymes. All four enzymes were active in the developing embryos during imbibition and germination, but no activity was detected in the endosperm. In seedlings with leaf primordia and seedlings with two true leaves (25 and 30 days after the start of imbibition, respectively), the activities of three enzymes (TYDC, PPO, and AO) were observed in all of the tissues, while NCS activity was only observed in the stems and roots. The activities of these enzymes in embryos provides evidence that alkaloid biosynthesis at early developmental stages is related to embryo growth and development. This study is the first report that has described some aspects of alkaloid biosynthesis in Annonaceae.

TALUKDAR D. — 2013 г.

The effects of arsenic (As) on growth and antioxidant metabolism of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. cv. Azad) plants were studied using 10, 20, and 30 mg As/kg of soil in a pot experiment under controlled conditions. The length and dry weights of shoots and roots, photosynthetic traits, and grain yield components exhibited a significant increase over control (0 mg As/kg) at As20 but decreased markedly at As30. The cause of this completely reverse response of plant growth between As20 and As30 was investigated in the backdrop of H2O2 metabolism by analyzing responses of three prominent antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) along with cellular ascorbate pool and its redox state. Despite a significant increase in the H2O2 content in both As20 and As30 plants, the former, unlike As30 plants, did not experience any type of As-induced oxidative stress (membrane lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage). Normal to high levels of leaf APX, CAT, and redox pool of ascorbate effectively balanced the elevated SOD activity at As20, maintaining the H2O2 concentration higher than control but obviously in favor of As20 plant growth. By contrast, soil amendment with phosphorus (200 mg P/kg) at As30 prevented As-induced oxidative stress through the reduction of the H2O2 level even below As0. The increased enzyme activity was mainly due to the induction of unique Cu/Zn, Fe, and Mn isoforms of SOD and APX-3/APX-4 and/or their increased expression in coordination with CAT. The detection of novel isoforms suggests a strong response of H2O2-metabolizing enzymes against As-induced oxidative stress in fenugreek.

CHEN G.P., HU Z.L., NIE X., YE M., ZHANG B., ZHAO Z.P. — 2013 г.

Anthocyanins are one of the largest and most important groups of water-soluble pigments in most species in the plant kingdom. They are flavonoid derivatives and colorful pigments of plant tissues and vegetables. Moreover, anthocyanins exhibit potential antioxidant capacity and can protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, two transcription factor genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, DELILA (Del) and ROSEAL (Ros1), were cloned from snapdragon Antirrhinum majus and heterologously expressed in Brassica napus. Down-stream structural genes in the anthocyanins biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, the anthocyanin content in the transgenic plant leaves was increased nearly up to tenfold and the antioxidant activity in transgenic leaves was approximately enhanced up to threefold. Our present study provides a novel approach to enhance B. napus antioxidant activity. Moreover, the present study supplies a potential source to produce anthocyanins from the tissues of transgenic Del/Ros1 B. napus plant and yields a new insight into better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.

MA C., WU M., ZHANG W.H., ZHOU J.Y. — 2013 г.

Changes in growth, leaf water status, pigments, osmolytes, activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and ascorbic acid (ASA) content were investigated in Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.) seedlings. Three-month-old seedlings were subjected to four drought cycles (30, 60, 90, and 120 days) and four drought intensities (80, 60, 40, and 20% field capacity (FC)). The seedlings had optimal height, basal diameter, and leaf water status at 80% FC. These parameters significantly decreased as drought intensity increased. The total root length, diameter, and surface area at 60% FC significantly increased compared with those at 80% FC. However, at 40 and 20% FC these parameters significantly decreased compared with those at 80% FC. The ratio of total root length to seedling height significantly increased with increasing drought intensity. The contents of chlorophyll a + b (Chla + b) and carotenoids (Car) significantly decreased at 40 and 20% FC. However, no significant changes in Chla/Chlb and Car/Chla + b were observed among the four drought intensities. Comparatively, the seedlings accumulated more soluble sugars and proline, as well as they demonstrated the higher POD, SOD, CAT, APX activities and ASA content at > 40% FC. However, prolonged drought stress at 20% FC suppressed antioxidant activities and osmolyte accumulation, leading to a rapid increase in lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that a water supply > 40% FC is required to support the growth and survival of the current-year seedlings of Chinese cork oak.

FAN G.S., LI Z., LIN K.W., RUI R., WANG S. — 2013 г.

A plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene (CsSOS1) was separated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants by RT-PCR and RACE methods. Sequence analysis indicated that the full-length CsSOS1 cDNA was 3638 bp long with an open reading frame of 3435 bp long encoding a protein of 1145 amino acids. The deduced protein contained conserved structural domains and shared a high similarity with plasma membrane type Na+/H+ antiporters from other plants. TMpred prediction showed that CsSOS1 had 11 transmembrane domains. As shown by RT-PCR, the expression of CsSOS1 was tissue-specific and increased in the root but decreased in the leaves with increasing NaCl concentration. In addition, expression of CsSOS1 in ATX3 mutant yeast could grow on medium containing NaCl and enhanced AXT3 salt tolerance. These results suggest that the CsSOS1 plays a key role in cucumber plants under salt stress.

GAO F., HAO J., HASI A., WANG X., YAO Y. — 2013 г.

Melon is an ideal alternative model fruit to examine ethylene perception and sensitivity. Ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2), an integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, is an important regulator of ethylene and other phytohormone signaling. We isolated a cDNA clone that encoded EIN2 homolog for the first time on the basis of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Hetao) fruit total RNA by in silico cloning and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 3876 bp corresponding to a polypeptide of 1291 amino acids with a predicted mol wt of 141 kD. The expression patterns of different developmental stages of fruit, vegetative organs, and reproductive tissues and upon the treatment with IAA and ABA were analyzed. CmEIN2 mediates ethylene signals in many processes and is a component of signal transduction by ethylene, auxin, and abscisic acid.

HOU X., LIU T., QI L., SUN F., ZHANG C. — 2013 г.

BcCoi1, a cytoplasmic male sterility related gene, which was isolated from flower buds of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino using the RACE technology, was characterized and submitted to the NCBI GenBank (accession no. GU263836). The gene encodes a 67.78-kD protein containing 16 leucine-rich repeats and an N-terminal F-box motif and is extremely similar to Arabidopsis thaliana Coi1 gene. The Southern blot showed that BcCoi1 belongs to a multigene family. In A. thaliana, the Coi1 gene is involved in jasmonate signaling, and Coi1 mutant displayed male sterility. In this study, qPCR results demonstrated that BcCoi1 was accumulated in stamens and was significantly higher expressed in flower organs of the maintainer line than in the CMS one. At microsporocyte development stage, the gene was expressed at a significantly lower extent in the CMS line than in the maintainer line. This expression profile presumes that BcCoi1 plays a role in early microspore development in non-heading Chinese cabbage.

HUANG M., HUANG R., JIANG C., SONG J., XU L. — 2013 г.

Plant chitinases play a key role in conferring resistance to environmental stresses, including attack by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we employed rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to identify five chitinase genes in Populus canadensis Moench. Sequence alignment revealed that these genes belong to five subfamilies of chitinase genes. The full-length cDNAs of these genes ranged in size from 991 to 1358 bp and encoded proteins with mol wts from 29.5 to 40.3 kD. Five genes were grouped into three major clades based on amino acid sequences of encoded proteins. Exon–intron gene structure and protein domain analysis further supported the designation. A three-dimensional structure comparison showed the high similarity between five P. canadensis chitinases and three well-studied chitinases from other species. The expression levels of all five genes were up-regulated during Populus infection with the pathogenic fungus Marssonina brunnea, and four of them were highly induced by salt and drought stresses. Furthermore, such factors as elicitors, wounding, and low temperature also elevated the expression of these chitinase genes to varying extents. We postulated that these chitinase genes may be involved in pathways of the defense against fungal infection and function in response to various abiotic stresses.

DUAN Y., HAN Y., ZHANG J., ZHANG X. — 2013 г.

A plant expression vector was constructed by inserting the phosphate transporter gene, LePT1, which was cloned from the tomato genome, into pCAMBIA2300. An Agrobacterium-mediated system was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc.) and acquire transgenic plants. Analyses of the transgenic plants by PCR and RT-PCR indicated that the exogenous gene was integrated into and expressed by transgenic plants. The growth characteristics of T1 generation transgenic plants were examined, and the phosphate content of transgenic plants in a low-phosphate environment was found to be significantly higher than in wild-type plants.

CHEN Y.Z., GUO J., LI M.S., SHI L., YAN X.F. — 2013 г.

Glucosinolates are a group of sulfur-rich thioglucosides and are known to play an important role in plant defense and benefit to human health. The accumulation of indolic glucosinolates (IGS) is strongly induced by jasmonic acid (JA); however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains only partly understood. MYC3 and MYC4, the homologs of MYC2 have been shown to act additively with MYC2 in the activation of some JA responses. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression of MYC3 and MYC4 was induced to a higher level in myc2 mutants compared with WT plants after 6 h of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Likewise, the transcript of MYB34, a known positive regulator of IGS biosynthesis, also showed a remarkable increase at 6 h in MeJA-treated myc2 mutants relative to that in MeJA-treated WT plants. Then, accordingly, the expression of tryptophan biosynthetic genes (ASA1, TSA1, and TSB1) was identified to be up-regulated at 6 h, but the induction of IGS biosynthetic genes (CYP79B2, CYP79B3, and CYP83B1) showed a temporally delayed increase at 24 h. Ultimately, the total IGS was detected to be increased at 24 h after MeJA treatment in myc2 mutants. Taken together, the compensatory activation of MYC3 and MYC4 in MeJA-treated myc2 mutants might occur temporally associated with the concurrent increase in the IGS biosynthesis, providing a new insight in the role of MYC2 in JA-induced IGS biosynthesis.

BOYCHINOVA M., GENEVA M., LAZAROVA I., MARKOVSKA Y., PETROV P., STANCHEVA I., TODOROV I. — 2013 г.

The effects of EDTA application to heavy metal-polluted soil on phytoextraction of heavy metals, leaf anatomy, gas exchange parameters, enzyme activities of C4 carbon cycle, antioxidant defense, and active compounds of Tribulus terrestris L. were evaluated. The addition of EDTA to the soil polluted with Cd and Pb markedly increased dry weight and Pb, Zn, and Cd contents in shoots. Plants responded to the action of EDTA by an increased stomatal conductance, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, water use efficiency, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The activities of C4 carbon cycle enzymes simultaneously increased, thus concentrating CO2 for enhanced CO2 assimilation and providing NADPH for the antioxidant system. Antioxidants, such as ascorbate, reduced glutathione, and flavonoids, increased more in the shoots of T. terrestris after the addition of EDTA. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and the enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle enhanced significantly in the presence of EDTA. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes suggest that they have some additive functions in the mechanism of metal tolerance. EDTA application lowered the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the content of total phenols, MDA, hydrogen peroxide, dehydroascorbate, and lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity expressed as -tocopherol. Increased levels of total radical-scavenging activity are in correspondence with the activity of water-soluble antioxidant compounds in T. terrestris tissues. The content of furostanol saponins protodioscin, prototribestin, and rutin increased as a result of EDTA addition. The results obtained allowed us to assume that applied EDTA reduced a negative heavy metal impact on puncture vine photosynthesis and antioxidant potential.

GHOSH P.D., MONDAL T.K., MUKHOPADHYAY M. — 2013 г.

Boron (B) deficiency is prevalent in the soils of tea growing regions of India. In order to investigate the physico-chemical alterations associated with B deficiency in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, cv. T-78] plants, young plantlets were treated with boric acid (H3BO3) at 0, 2.5, and 5 for 8 weeks. B-scarcity decreased the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) alongside chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoids (Car). Superoxide anion (O ), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and electrolyte leakage were elevated in B-deprived plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) were increased in B-deficient plants. Simultaneously, transcripts of the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated under B deficiency. By and large, the results suggest that B deficiency intensifies ROS generation but the antioxidant system does not provide for an adequate protection from oxidative damage.

CARRION-TACURI J., CASTILLO J.M., DE CIRES A., FIGUEROA M.E., RUBIO-CASAL A.E. — 2013 г.

Low and high temperatures are known as most important factors influencing plant performance and distribution. Plants of Lantana camara L. coming from two distinct geographical populations (Iberian Peninsula and Galapagos Islands) were cultivated in a common garden experiment, and their leaves were subjected to thermal treatments (from +20.0 to –7.5°C during the winter and from +20.0 to +50.0°C during the summer) in a programmable water bath in darkness. Their photosynthetic performance and their recovery capacity after the thermal treatment were evaluated by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis rate, and leaf necrosis. In general, L. camara photosynthetic apparatus showed a wide range of temperature tolerance in darkness, showing optimal functioning of its photosystem II just after exposure to temperatures between –2.5 and +35.0°C for the Iberian population and between +10.0 and +25.0°C for the Galapagos population. Just after exposure to low and high temperatures, gradual cold and heat-induced photoinhibition was recorded for both populations. After 24 h, leaves of L. camara demonstrated a great recovery capacity from –2.5 to +42.5°C. However, leaves of the treatments from –5.0°C down and +47.5°C up showed permanent damages to the photosynthetic apparatus and to the leaf tissues. Slight interpopulation differences were found only at extreme temperatures.

DYO Y.M., PURTON S., VONLANTHEN S.E., ZAYADAN B.K. — 2013 г.

New microalgal strains that are native to South-East Kazakhstan were isolated and characterized with a view to identifying suitable candidates for biodiesel production. Six strains of chlorophyte algae (named K1–K6) were recovered from environmental samples as axenic cultures, and molecular analysis revealed that five (K1–K5) are strains of Parachlorella kessleri, whereas K6 is a strain of Chlorella vulgaris. A third isolate from Uzbekistan (termed UZ) was also identified as a separate strain of P. kessleri. All strains show high growth rates and an ability to utilize acetate as an exogenous source of fixed carbon. Furthermore, under conditions of nitrogen depletion, all three strains showed a significant accumulation of neutral lipids (triacylglycerides). P. kessleri K5 and C. vulgaris K6 therefore represent promising autochthon strains for large-scale cultivation and biodiesel production in Kazakhstan.