Архив научных статейиз журнала «Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология»
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ТОПЛИВНЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ И ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ЭНЕРГОУСТАНОВКИ: СОСТОЯНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ
КОРОВИН Н.В. — 2004 г.
Modern state of fuel cells (FC) and fuel cell power plants (FCPP) in the Russia and in the world and main their merits are considered. The FC and FCPP problems and ways of their solution are discussed. It is shown that parameters of FC and FCPP were recently considerably improved. Main fields of application of the FCPP are analysed. It is shown that wide FCPP application will solve many environmental and raw materials problems of power engineering and transport.
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ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА СНАБЖЕНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ ЖИДКИМ ВОДОРОДОМ
БОГДАНОВ Е.А., ДОМАШЕНКО А.М., ЛАПШИН А.Г., НЕЛИДОВ В.В., СКОРОДУМОВ Б.А. — 2004 г.
This paper discusses the problems on the development of tank trucks and tank cars to transport liquid hydrogen, specifications and test results.
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УГЛЕРОДНЫЕ НАНОСТРУКТУРЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫЕ НА FE-NI КАТАЛИЗАТОРЕ
ИЛЬИНА Ю.В., КИСЕЛЕВА Т.Ю., МУРАДЯН В.Е., НОВАКОВА А.А., ТАРАСОВ Б.П. — 2004 г.
The study of a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN) containing carbon material obtained by electric arc synthesis with bimetallic mixtures of Fe and Ni of different concentrations is performed. The iron containing carbon nanomaterial analysis was conducted by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffrac tion and electron microscopy. The detail Mössbauer spectra analysis of SWCN containing arc synthesis fractions had shown, that their structure is determined by composition of the used binary catalyst. The initial concentration of FeNi catalytic mixture in an electrode determines sizes of metal particles in cathode deposit collar soot, causing thereby mechanism and optimum conditions for synthesis of SWCN. Namely the initial concentration FeNi determines quantitative ratio between formed large inert carbon encapsulated metal particles and small-sized metal nanoparticles being catalytic centers of SWCN origin.
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УЛУЧШЕНИЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ
НИКИШИН С.В. — 2004 г.
A new technical approach on the improvement of ecological parametrs of the existing car motors is described.
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ФАЗОВЫЕ ПРЕВРАЩЕНИЯ И УПОРЯДОЧЕНИЕ АНТИФАЗНЫХ ДОМЕНОВ В КУБИЧЕСКИХ КАРБОГИДРИДАХ ТИТАНА НА НИЖНЕЙ ГРАНИЦЕ ОБЛАСТИ ГОМОГЕННОСТИ
ГЕТМАНСКИЙ В.В., МИРЗАЕВ Б.Б., МУХТАРОВА Н.Н., СУЛТАНОВА С.X., ХИДИРОВ И.Г. — 2004 г.
As a result of neutron diffraction study of cubic titanium carbohydrides TiCxHy at the lower limit of the carbon homogeneity region, a number of temperature ranges of structural changes are found out. Heat treatment was carried out using special regime for preventing exit of hydrogen out of the lattice. It is shown that in the TiCxHy prepared by means of quenching from1200 °C carbon atoms occupy octahedral interstices, hydrogen atoms - tetrahedral interstices of the disordered cubic structure (space group Fm3m). It is found that carbon and hydrogen atoms are partially ordered when annealing at 900-800 °C. The ordered structure is face-centered cubic (space group Fd3m), where the carbon atoms occupy mainly octahedral interstices16(c) and the rest part of carbon and all hydrogen atoms -the other type of octahedral interstices16(d). According to the model of completely ordered structure, carbon atoms occupy one type and hydrogen atoms - the other type of octahedral interstices. At further decreasing temperature to 600 °C the formation of small impurity of α-Ti is observed. It is found that at temperature of 450 °C the formation of metastable ordered cubic phase with forming of periodic antiphase domains is observed, at this temperatures process of the decay is hindered.
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ФУЛЛЕРЕН В СРЕДЕ АММИАКА
БУРЛАКОВА А.Г., КОРОБОВ И.И., ТАРАСОВ Б.П., ФОКИН В.Н., ФОКИНА Э.Э., ШУЛЬГА Ю.М. — 2004 г.
The interaction of the fullerene C60 and mixture C60 + 8 mass. % NH4Cl (promoter of interaction) with ammonia was investigated at a starting NH3 pressure of 0.6-0.7 MPa in the temperature range 200-500 °C. It was established that the increase of interaction temperature up to 450 °C was accompanied by gradual accumulation in a fullerene matrix of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms.
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ЦЕПНО-ТЕПЛОВОЙ ВЗРЫВ И СТЕПЕНЬ ИОНИЗАЦИИ ВОДОРОДО-ВОЗДУШНОГО ПЛАМЕНИ
БЕЛЯЕВ Е.Н., БЕРЕЖНО П.Г., ЛЕЩИНСКАЯ А.Г., ПОЛОВИНКИН П.Е., ПРОСКУДИН В.Ф., ТАРАКАНОВ В.Н. — 2004 г.
A passive probe, that recorded the accumulation of flames' "electrical noise" signals, was used to evaluate an ionization degree in combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures. It was found that within intensive combustion concentration range of these mixtures (about 18-6 0 vol. % of hydrogen in air) the essential increase of ionization degree of flames was observed also.
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ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ЧИСТЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОСВОЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ
КАШИЯ В.Г. — 2004 г.
The work touches upon the ecologically safe development and processing of Black Sea hydrogen containing components. Many methods are considered on the extraction of hydrogen isotopes from the sea water. It is proved that among the utilization methods of hydrogen sulphide being main hydrogen containing component of Black Sea; the method of deep aeration suggested by Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology (SIPT) appears more prospective. It said that, the utilization of hydrogen sulphide of Black Sea through the stamps of microorganisms forming the essential cycle of sulphide, could be very effective.
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ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ВОДОРОДНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА С ЦЕЛЬЮ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ
ДМИТРИЕВ А.Л. — 2004 г.
Technical and energy aspects of hydrogen application in the automobile transport industry are considered. Energy and economic issues of commercial production of hydrogen as a motor fuel seems to be the most difficult. It is proposed to use excess capacity of large electric power plants for production of electrolytic hydrogen.
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ЭКОНОМИЧНОСТЬ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ В ОДНОМ БАЛЛОНЕ
ГЛЕЗЕР А.М., САРБАЕВ Б.С., ТАТАРНИКОВ О.В., ЧЕРТОВ В.М. — 2004 г.
The project of the high-impact vessel designed to store and transport hydrogen at higher (up to 70 MPa) pressure is presented. The basis for the problem to be tackled was the decision upon the technologically efficient high strength stainless steel to manufacture a liner and unification of its tempering condition subsequent to welding, and heating once the barrier coating is applied. The vessel is characterized by high capacity and overall dimension that are well suited for installation of vessels of this type in vehicles.
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ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ВОДОРОДА С ПОВЕРХНОСТЬЮ СЕНСОРОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВАКУУМА И НИЗКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР
ВЕДЕРНИКОВ М.В., НАУМЧИК И.В. — 2004 г.
An experimental facility has been designed for the conduction of hydrogen sensor tests using a broad ranges of gas mixture composition, pressure and temperature. The experimental facility consists of subfacilities providing the ability to achieve a high vacuum and cryogenic temperatures, subfacilities for storing cryogenic liquids, pure hydrogen production facilities, subfacilities for dosing and preparation of gas mixtures, gas analysis equipment, instrumentation and conversion hardware, registration hardware, control hardware, hardware for information processing and display. The main distinctive features of the experimental facility are as follows: an increased test chamber volume providing the placement of a sufficiently-sized sample without deterioration of the chamber conductivity, on the one hand, and a moderate level of «background» gas release, on the other hand; a broad range of temperature conditions (77-600 K) for the conduction of experiments caused by the availability of thermal regulation and heating-up; use of a cryogen pump with an integrated liquid nitrogen trap as the main vacuuming facility, which allows to simulate the initial pumping-out stage by securing an intensive vacuuming, reaching the pressure of10 Pa (molecular mode) in10-15 minutes as well as to conduct long experiments with a small number of operating personnel. The conduction of experiments with the use of this facility allows to reveal regular dependencies for the processes of hydrogen interaction with the hydrogen detector surface, compare the effectiveness of the gas analysis system being available, establish a database including the dependence of thermal, electronic and acoustic sensor material parameters upon hydrogen concentration and issue recommendations on measures providing elimination of emergency situations.
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ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РЕЖИМОВ КИПЕНИЯ 3НЕ В БОЛЬШОМ ОБЪЕМЕ
ГОНЧАРУК О.А., КУЗЪМЕНКО И.Ф. — 2004 г.
The possibilities of using 3He for cryostatting an object at the temperature level below 2 K are often connected with the necessity to calculate the heat exchange processes at phase transitions in 3He. This paper outlines the results of the experimental research of heat exchange at 3He boiling, that reflect the basic mechanisms under the conditions of nucleate boiling, heat transfer crisis of the first type and at reaching the film boiling conditions on the cylindrical specimens made of stainless steel Grade 12X18H10T within the temperature range of 3.2-0.72 K.
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ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РЕЖИМОВ ГОРЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗОВЫХ СМЕСЕЙ В ЗАМКНУТЫХ ОБЪЕМАХ
КОКШАРОВ В.В., КОЛЕГОВ Л.Е., МАЗАНОВ В.А., СИРЕНКО А.В. — 2004 г.
Results of studies on combustion of air-hydrogen mixture (concentration range 7-29.5 % vol.) under initial pressure of 0.2-3.1 MPa in spherical vessels with diameter of 0.4 and 0.63 m are presented. For pure mixtures the dependencies of combustion regimes and kinetic characteristics on initial pressure are established.
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ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ГЕНЕРАТОРЫ ВОДОРОДА И ТЕПЛОМАССОПЕРЕНОС В РЕАКТОРАХ
ОСТРОВСКАЯ Е.Н., СТОГНЕЙ В.Г., ХРИПУНОВ К.Г., ШАЛИМОВ Ю.Н. — 2004 г.
The basic types of hydrogen electrochemical generators using a principle of breaking-up of inert electrolytic conductors are considered. The shortages of analyzable designs connected to an improper choice of reactors details are shown as a result of which the heat exchange processes in generators are not optimum. Ground of experimental data for the technical solutions permitting to optimize heat and mass transfer processes in electrochemical reactors are explained.
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ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ФТОРИРОВАНИЕ ВОДОРОДА, АДСОРБИРОВАННОГО В МАТРИЦЕ НА ОСНОВЕ ФТОРПРОВОДЯЩЕГО ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТА И ПЛАТИНЫ
АЛЕЙНИКОВ Н.Н., БАКАЕВ В.А., ВЕРШИНИН Н.Н., ГУСЕВ А.Л., ЕФИМОВ О.Н. — 2004 г.
The process of electrochemical fluorination of hydrogen adsorbed in a matrix on a basis alloyed LaF3 and platinum in nitrogen-hydrogen gas mixes in a range of concentration of hydrogen from 10-3 up to 1 vol. % and temperatures from 293 K up to 353 K is investigated at oxidizing potential +2.1 V in respect to a hydrogen electrode. The aplitudes of current of electrochemical reaction H2 + 2F - 2e → 2HF on heterotransition Pt/LaF3 are determined depending on dispersion of the platinum catalyst. The density of a current of electrochemical reaction fluorination of hydrogen on heterotransition platinum/alloyed LaF3 at 298 K are close to 1.8 × 10-9 A/cm2 for platinum with a specific surface 20 m2/g and 3.3 × 10-7 A/cm2 for platinum with a specific surface 0,015 m2/g at concentration of hydrogen in a gas phase 0.1 vol. %.
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ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ ОТОПИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИБОРЫ ИЗ КАРЕЛИИ (ТЕПЛОАККУМУЛЯТОРЫ)
АНИСИМОВ А. — 2004 г.
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ANALYSIS OF STATIONARY ISOTHERMS OF HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES FROM PALLADIUM ALLOYS
GADEL'SHIN M. SH., MURAV'YOV E.E., VANDYSHEV A.B. — 2003 г.
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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACT DEVICES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS-GAS FROM HYDROCARBON FUEL ONBOARD THE AUTOMOBILE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FUEL AND ENHANCE THE ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOBILES
BRIZITSKY O.F., CHRISTOLYUBOV A.P., KIRILLOV V.A., SOBYANIN V.A., TERENT'EV V. YA., ZOLOTARSKY I.A. — 2003 г.
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DEVELOPMENT OF POWER INSTALLATIONS BASED ON FUEL ELEMENTS IN THE S.R KOROLYOV ENERGIA ROCKET & SPACE CORPORATION
KHUDYAKOV S.A., SOKOLOV B.A. — 2003 г.
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EQUILIBRIUM DEUTERIUM PRESSURE OVER PALLADIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
DYOMINA S.V., GLAGOLEV M.V., VEDENEEV A.I. — 2003 г.