научный журнал по биологии Генетика ISSN: 0016-6758

КУДРЯВЦЕВ А.М., САВЕЛЬЕВА Е.Н. — 2015 г.

Впервые был проведен молекулярно-генетический анализ видов и сортов яблони российских коллекций методом AFLP-маркирования с целью изучения генетического разнообразия в роде Malus, а также для уточнения филогении и решения некоторых спорных вопросов систематики рода. В исследование были взяты 91 образец яблони, включая виды из пяти секций рода Malus, а также гибридные виды. Уровень полиморфизма составил 90.2%. Показано, что классическая систематика рода Malus, выделяющая пять секций на основании различий по морфологическим признакам, правомерна и вполне может быть использована для классификации яблони. Установлена видовая принадлежность сортов народной российской селекции Антоновок – все они относятся к виду M. domestica. Показано, что сорт яблони Якутская является одомашненным видом секции Gymnomeles, предположительно вид M. baccata. В результате AFLP-анализа удалось подтвердить гибридность многих видов. Была показана связь сортов яблони серии Golden с американскими дикими видами. Получены данные, свидетельствующие, что вид M. sieversii был предком не только яблони домашней, но и других видов секции Malus.

GUO M.H., TAO L., WANG X.L., ZHANG Y.W. — 2015 г.

Vernalization plays a key role in the bolting and flowering of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Plants can switch from vegetative to reproductive growth and then bolt and flower under low temperature induction. The economic benefits of Chinese cabbage will decline significantly when the bolting happens before the vegetative body fully grows due to a lack of the edible value. It was found that continuous seedling breeding reduced the heading of Chinese cabbage and led to bolt and flower more easily. In the present study, two inbred lines, termed A161 and A105, were used as experiment materials. These two lines were subjected to vernalization and formed four types: seeds-seedling breeding once, seedling breeding twice, seedling breeding thrice and normal type. Differences in plant phenotype were compared. DNA methylation analysis was performed based on MSAP method. The differential fragments were cloned and analyzed by qPCR. Results showed that plants after seedling breeding thrice had a loosen heading leaves, elongated center axis and were easier to bolt and flower. It is suggested that continuous seedling breeding had a weaker winterness. It was observed that genome methylation level decreased with increasing generation. Four differential genes were identified, short for BraAPC1, BraEMP3, BraUBC26, and BraAL5. Fluorescent qPCR analysis showed that expression of four genes varied at different reproduction modes and different vernalization time. It is indicated that these genes might be involve in the development and regulation of bolting and flowering of plants. Herein, the molecular mechanism that continuous seedling breeding caused weaker winterness was analyzed preliminarily. It plays an important guiding significance for Chinese cabbage breeding.

BAISVAR V.S., CHAUHAN U.K., KUMAR R., KUSHWAHA B., NAGPURE N.S., SINGH A.K., SINGH M. — 2015 г.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ATPase 8/6 gene has been used in phylogenetic as well as in phylogeographic studies along with other mtDNA markers. In this study, ATPase gene sequences were used to assess the genetic structuring and phylogeographic patterns in Channa striata. Out of 884 nucleotide positions generated in ATPase 8/6 genes, 76 were polymorphic. The study suggested 23 unique haplotypes from 67 individuals of nine populations collected from different riverine systems of India. The ATPase 8/6 sequence revealed highest haplotype as well as nucleotide diversities in Imphal River population and lowest diversities in Tapti River population. The pattern of genetic diversity and haplotype network indicated distinct mitochondrial lineages for Chaliyar population, whereas mismatch distribution strongly suggested a population expansion in mid pleistocene epoch (0.4 Mya) with distinct genetic structuring in C. striata. The baseline information on genetic variation and the population sub-structuring would facilitate conservation and management of this important snakehead murrel.

AHMETOV I.I., CIESZCZYK P., CZUBEK Z., EIDER J., FEDOTOVSKAYA O.N., KLOCEK T., MACIEJEWSKA-KARLOWSKA A., MOSKA W., SAWCZUK M., STEPIEN-SLODKOWSKA M., ZAREBSKA A. — 2015 г.

Muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKMM) plays a vital role in the energy homeostasis of muscle cells. The A/G variation (rs8111989) located in the -untranslated region of the CKM gene has been found to be the most relevant in terms of genetic testing in sport. The aim of the presented study was to test the hypothesis that the G allele might represent a genetic element that contributes to the improvement of endurance performance in Polish and Russian rowers. The distribution of the CKM genotypes was examined in a group of Polish and Russian athletes in comparison with non-athlete controls. There were no statistical differences between the rowers and the control groups across the CKM genotypes when Polish or Russian participants were analyzed. Based on the obtained results, it may be speculated that the CKM A/G polymorphism is not an important determinant of endurance performance level in Polish and Russian rowers. However, these results should be interpreted with caution as they can be limited by many factors. -untranslated region of the CKM gene has been found to be the most relevant in terms of genetic testing in sport. The aim of the presented study was to test the hypothesis that the G allele might represent a genetic element that contributes to the improvement of endurance performance in Polish and Russian rowers. The distribution of the CKM genotypes was examined in a group of Polish and Russian athletes in comparison with non-athlete controls. There were no statistical differences between the rowers and the control groups across the CKM genotypes when Polish or Russian participants were analyzed. Based on the obtained results, it may be speculated that the CKM A/G polymorphism is not an important determinant of endurance performance level in Polish and Russian rowers. However, these results should be interpreted with caution as they can be limited by many factors.

БОРИНСКАЯ С.А., ЯНКОВСКИЙ Н.К. — 2015 г.

Расселение человека с африканской прародины сопровождалось культурной и генетической адаптацией к новым условиям среды обитания (климат, инфекции, диета и т.д.). Ранее нами впервые был предложен подход к выявлению генов человека, предположительно вовлеченных в адаптацию к эволюционно новым факторам внешней среды, основанный на сочетании генетических и гуманитарых методов исследования. Для поиска генов, вовлеченных в адаптацию, и факторов среды, к которым происходит эта адаптация, мы попытались найти корреляции между популяционными частотами аллелей изучаемого гена и формализованными описаниями особенностей среды обитания этнических групп, приведенных в “Этнографическом атласе” Дж. П. Мёрдока. В представленном обзоре нами обобщены собственные данные по экспериментальному определению частот аллелей генов лактазы (LCT*), аполипопротеина Е (APOЕ) и алкогольдегидрогеназы (ADH1B) в популяциях России. На основе этих данных и доступных нам материалов других исследователей мы сформировали карты общемирового распределения частот аллелей этих генов. Нами обнаружена корреляция частот аллелей этих генов в популяциях с присутствием определенных факторов среды, в которой эти популяции обитают. Подтверждено также, что эволюционно молодой аллель LCT*-13910T, определяющий персистенцию лактазы и возможность употребления молока у взрослых, распространен в популяциях, для которых характерно молочное животноводство. Нами впервые показано при анализе 68 популяций, что частота предкового для человека аллеля APOE e4, влияющего на обмен липидов, выше в группах с высоким вкладом охоты и собирательства. Полученные нами данные свидетельствуют в пользу гипотезы о том, что именно аллель е4 подлежал отбору, а аллель е3 был менее важен для адаптации. Мы также впервые показали, что эволюционно молодой аллель ADH1B*48His, определяющий высокую скорость метаболизма этанола в ацетальдегид, представлен с большой частотой в тех популяциях, в которых эндемичен филяриоз. Полученные данные указывают на возможную вовлеченность эндогенных субстратов гена ADH1B или их метаболитов в устойчивость к филярии и открывают новый путь в разработке лекарств к этому широко распространенному заболеванию человека.

CAI C., CHENG L., FENG J., TONG C., YANG Y. — 2015 г.

Because of the advantages of EST-SSR markers, it has been employed as powerful markers for genetic diversity analysis, comparative mapping and phylogenetic studies. In this study, a total of 429,869 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) ESTs were downloaded from the public databases, which offers an opportunity to identify SSRs in ESTs by data mining, and 38,165 SSRs were identified from 379,967 uni-ESTs with the frequency of one SSR per 5.52 kb. Mono- and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs were the dominant repeat types, accounting for 40.53 and 34.51% of all SSRs, respectively. After eliminating mononucleotide-containing sequences, 86 pairs of primers were designed to amplify in four tobacco accessions. Only 15 primers (17.44%) showed polymorphism, and then they were further used to assess genetic diversity of 20 tobacco accessions. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average dendrograms (UPGMA) and principal coordinates analysis plots (PCA) revealed genetic differentiation between N. rustica and N. tabacum, and between oriental tobacco and other accessions of N. tabacum. The present study reported the development of EST-SSR markers in tobacco by exploiting EST databases, and confirmed the effective way to develop markers. These EST-SSRs can serve in studies on cultivar identification, genetic diversity analysis, and genetics in tobacco.

CAI H., CHENG J., WU J., XU D., YOU A., ZHANG Z., ZHOU L. — 2015 г.

Rice amylose content (AC) is a key determinant for grain end-use quality attributes. The base substitution (G T) at +1 loci of the first intron (In1) of Waxy (Wx), a major gene controlling AC in rice, results in decreased AC. A new SNP typing method of Wx In1 based on polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) was reported here: first its practicability was confirmed by 23 varieties with known SNP and AC; and then the segregation ratio at target SNP loci were checked and it fitted well for 1 : 2 : 1 single gene segregation; at last SNP typing and AC assay with 150 mini core collections (MCC) in China showed that average AC of 53 G type varieties (22.5%) was significantly higher than that of 97 T type varieties (13.7%) (p < 0.01) and the target SNP loci explained 77.8% AC variation. So this method could be used to estimate AC of rice variety roughly or in marker-assisted breeding, that is, using variety with known and desired AC as Wx allele donor parent and aided with crossbreed, backcross and marker-assisted selection (MAS) reported here, rice breeders could improve AC of varieties with comprehensively excellent performance to meet special end-products.

LI E.F., MAO Z.C., WANG G., XIE B.Y. — 2015 г.

Microsatellites are extensively distributed in the eukaryotic genome, and they are widely used for their high polymorphism and accessibility. The microsatellites in M. incognita, a worldwide agriculture pest, are inadequate for diversity research. A repertoire of 1620 microsatellites appeared appropriate to design primer as markers were identified based on the M. incognita genome. 120 loci were chosen as candidate, from which 88 microsatellites were characterized. Finally, we found 13 polymorphic microsatellites with 2 to 23 alleles in a survey of three nematode populations in China, while other positive loci were monomorphic. These new molecular markers afford to genetic diversity analysis in M. incognita population of poorly investigation. Furthermore, the predicted microsatellites have potential values for other plant parasitic nematodes.

BAO W.B., SUN L., SUN S.Y., WU S.L., YIN X.M., ZHU S.P. — 2015 г.

Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) transports peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for subsequent loading onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. TAP is consisted of two subunits: TAPl and TAP2. Using Real-time PCR technology, this study detected tissue expression profile and analyzed the differential expression of TAP1 gene in Sutai Escherichia coli-resistant group, Yorkshire and Meishan pigs. Tissue expression profile revealed that TAP1 gene expressed in all tissues we detected, and the expression levels were high in lung, immune tissues and intestines. Through the comparation of gene expression differention in different populations, TAP1 expression level of Sutai E. coli-resistant group was significantly higher than that of Yorkshire and Meishan populations in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, thymus, lymph, duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). Meanwhile TAP1 gene was more highly expressed in Sutai E. coli-resistant group than that of Meishan population in stomach (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the upregulation of TAP1 expression level in E. coli-resistant group could be related to E. coli F18 infection. In addition, Chinese local pigs may have special immune response and genetic mechanism in resisting E. coli F18 infection which is differing from MHC I moleculars.

CHEN SH. L., LIU Q. SH., YAN SH. ZH. — 2015 г.

To date, molecular systematics of Myxogastria has been based primarily on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1 ) genes. To establish a natural classification system for the organisms, we examined phylogenetic relationships among myxogastrian species using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and SSU rRNA genes. Twenty new sequences were obtained, including 10 COI and 10 SSU rRNA sequences, were compared with sequences of related species from GenBank in order to construct phylogenic trees. The analysis of the two data sets supported the modern phylogeny of myxogastria: orders Liceida and Trichiida formed a sister group at the most basal clade, while orders Stemonitida and Physarida formed a close group, and order Echinostelida was a sister group to Stemonitida and Physarida. However, the partial COI sequences were too conserved to resolve of the branches in Stemonitida and Physarida. In addition, we also deemed the specific edited mRNA events of COI sequences in myxogastrian species.

FARHADI A., NEJATI-JAVAREMI A., RAHIMI-MIANJI G. — 2015 г.

The present study was undertaken to genetically evaluate Turkmen horses for genetic diversity and to evaluate whether they have experienced any recent genetic bottlenecks. A total of 565 individuals from Turkmen horses were characterized for within breed diversity using 12 microsatellite markers. The estimated mean allelic diversity was (9.42 ± 1.78) per locus, with a total of 131 alleles in genotyped samples. A high level of genetic variability within this breed was observed in terms of high values of effective number of alleles (4.70 ± 1.36), observed heterozygosity (0.757 ± 0.19), expected Neis heterozygosity (0.765 ± 0.13), and polymorphism information content (0.776 ± 0.17). The estimated cumulative probability of exclusion of wrongly named parents (PE) was high, with an average value of 99.96% that indicates the effectiveness of applied markers in resolving of parentage typing in Turkmen horse population. The paternity testing results did not show any misidentification and all selected animals were qualified based on genotypic information using a likelihood-based method. Low values of Wrights fixation index, FIS (0.012) indicated low levels of inbreeding. A significant heterozygote excess on the basis of different models, as revealed from Sign and Wilcoxon sign rank test suggested that Turkmen horse population is not in mutation-drift equilibrium. But, the Mode-shift indicator test showed a normal ‘L shaped distribution for allelic class and proportion of alleles, thus indicating the absence of bottleneck events in the recent past history of this breed. Further research work should be carrying out to clarify the cause of discrepancy observed for bottleneck results in this breed. In conclusion, despite unplanned breeding in Turkmen horse population, this breed still has sufficient genetic variability and could provide a valuable source of genetic material that may use for meeting the demands of future breeding programs.

DING N.S., HUANG L.S., LONG Y., REN J., RUAN G.R., SU Y., XIAO S.J., ZHANG Z.Y. — 2015 г.

Backfat thickness (BFT) and average daily gain (ADG) are two important economic traits in commercial swine production. Identifying QTLs and uncovering the molecular mechanism for BFT and ADG would greatly help to speed up the breeding progress. In current breeding program, EBV for these two traits are calculated and formulated a comprehensive breeding index, which then be used to improve pig performance. Using Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip, a pilot genomewide association studies (GWAS) for BFT and ADG in 83 Duroc pigs were performed. A total of 31 genome-wise significant SNPs were detected to be associated with BFT on SSC 4, 9, 11, 12 and 14, ten of which were coincident with previously reported QTL regions. There are two genome-wise loci prominently associated with ADG on SSC2 and SSC13, respectively. The two loci on SSC2 are well overlapped with the QTL regions previously reported. All the 31 significant SNPs associated with BFT are verified on 219 outbreed pigs, six SNPs reach an extreme significant level and seven SNP reaches a significant level, CACNA1E and ACBD6 are chosen as positional candidate genes. Our findings not only confirmed previously findings, but also revealed a number of novel SNPs associated with BFT and ADG. Two positional candidate genes CACNA1E and ACBD6 were identified for further study. These results would facilitate the identification of causative genes for BFT and ADG.

BAO F., XIA H., XIAO M. — 2015 г.

The isolation and development of 15 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci were described for Ophicephalus argus from the Huaihe River. All loci were polymorphic in the 30 individuals tested. The number of alleles per variable locus ranged from nine to seventeen, with a mean of 12.00. These novel microsatellite loci showed high level of polymorphism. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.793 to 0.929 and from 0.841 to 0.952, respectively. Two loci were found deviated from HWE in the sampled population after Bonferroni correction. These microsatellite loci will be useful for revealing population structure, genetic diversity, and phylogeography of Ophicephalus argus.

DEB S.M., DUBEY P.K., GOYAL S., JOSHI B.K., KATARIA R.S., KATHIRAVAN P., MISHRA B.P., SADANA D.K., SINGH G. — 2015 г.

In the present study, we report the distribution of true to type and atypical Nili-Ravi buffalo, a vulnerable dairy type riverine breed of North India and its underlying genetic structure. Out of total investigated buffaloes 73.5% had bilateral wall eyes while 5.4% had unilateral wall eyes and 21.1% had no wall eyes. 41.15% of Nili-Ravi buffaloes maintained in the breeding farm were having typical true to the type characteristics (both eyes walled, white markings in forehead, muzzle/chin, all the four legs and tail) while only 28.5% of Nili-Ravi buffaloes were true to the type under field conditions. Genotypic data were generated in four groups of Nili-Ravi buffalo (FMTNR – Typical Nili-Ravi from farm; FMANR – Atypical Nili-Ravi from farm; FDTNR – Typical Nili-Ravi from field; FDANR – Atypical Nili-Ravi from field) at 16 microsatellite loci. Comparative genetic analysis of various groups of Nili-Ravi buffaloes with Murrah revealed significant between group differences with an estimated global FST of 0.063. Pair-wise FST values ranged from 0.003 (between FDTNR and FDANR) to 0.112 (between FMTNR and FDTNR). Phylogenetic analysis and multi-dimensional scaling revealed clustering of FDTNR and FDANR together while FMTNR and FMANR clustered separately with Murrah in between farm and field Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Based on the results, the paper also proposes three pronged strategy for conservation and sustainable genetic improvement of Nili-Ravi buffalo in India.

KLOSINSKA U., KOZIK E.U., STANIASZEK M., SZCZECHURA W. — 2015 г.

Downy mildew of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. et Curt.) Rostovzev, is one of the most important foliar diseases of cucurbit crops. Two parental lines resistant PI 197085, susceptible PI 175695 and their F2 generation were used in our study. Inheritance of resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis in PI 197085 was quantitative. JoiMap 4.1 and MapQTL 6.0 software was used for a linkage groups construction and QTL mapping. Three QTL were detected: DM1, DM2, DM3. The loci were mapped on chromosome 5 of cucumber genome. Molecular analysis confirmed results of classical quantitative genetics indicating that resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis in PI 197085 is polygenic trait.

CAKMAK B., GOZUKIRMIZI N., MARAKLI S. — 2015 г.

Sireviruses are genera of copia LTR retrotransposons with a unique genome structure among retrotransposons. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an economically important plant. In this study, we used mature barley embryos, 10-day-old roots and 10-day-old leaves derived from the same barley plant to investigate SIRE1 retrotransposon movements by Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) technique. We found polymorphism rates between 0–64% among embryos, roots and leaves. Polymorphism rates were detected to be 0–27% among embryos, 8–60% among roots, and 11–50% among leaves. Polymorphisms were observed not only among the parts of different individuals, but also on the parts of the same plant (23–64%). The internal domains of SIRE1 (GAG, ENV and RT) were also analyzed in the embryos, roots and leaves. Analysis of band profiles showed no polymorphism for GAG, however, different band patterns were observed among samples for RT and ENV. The sequencing of SIRE1 GAG, ENV and RT domains revealed 79% similarity for GAG, 96% for ENV and 83% for RT to copia retrotransposons. Comparison between barley retrotransposons and SIRE1 in barley indicated that SIRE1-GAG, ENV and RT might be diverge earlier from barley retrotransposons. SIRE1 sequences were compared with SIRE1 in barley, results showed the closest homologues were SIRE1-ENV and SIRE1-RT sequences, and SIRE1-GAG sequences was a sister group to sequences of Glycine max. This study is the first detailed investigation of SIRE1 in barley genome. The obtained findings are expected to contribute to the comprehension of SIRE1 retrotransposon and its role in barley genome.

AI H.S., DENG W.Y., DING N.S., HUANG L.S., LI L., LIAO X.J., LONG Y., REN J., RUAN G.R., SU Y., XIAO S.J., YANG B., ZHANG W.C., ZHANG Z.Y. — 2015 г.

Umbilical hernia (UH) is a complex disorder caused by both genetic and environmental factors. UH brings animal welfare problems and severe economic loss to the pig industry. Until now, the genetic basis of UH is poorly understood. The high-density 60K porcine SNP array enables the rapid application of genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic loci for phenotypic traits at genome wide scale in pigs. The objective of this research was to identify susceptibility loci for swine umbilical hernia using the GWAS approach. We genotyped 478 piglets from 142 families representing three Western commercial breeds with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. Then significant SNPs were detected by GWAS using ROADTRIPS (Robust Association-Detection Test for Related Individuals with Population Substructure) software base on a Bonferroni corrected threshold (P = 1.67E-06) or suggestive threshold (P = 3.34E-05) and false discovery rate (FDR = 0.05). After quality control, 29,924 qualified SNPs and 472 piglets were used for GWAS. Two suggestive loci predisposing to pig UH were identified at 44.25MB on SSC2 (rs81358018, P = 3.34E-06, FDR = 0.049933) and at 45.90MB on SSC17 (rs81479278, P = 3.30E-06, FDR = 0.049933) in Duroc population, respectively. And no SNP was detected to be associated with pig UH at significant level in neither Landrace nor Large White population. Furthermore, we carried out a meta-analysis in the combined pure-breed population containing all the 472 piglets. rs81479278 (P = 1.16E-06, FDR = 0.022475) was identified to associate with pig UH at genome-wide significant level. SRC was characterized as plausible candidate gene for susceptibility to pig UH according to its genomic position and biological functions. To our knowledge, this study gives the first description of GWAS identifying susceptibility loci for umbilical hernia in pigs. Our findings provide deeper insights to the genetic architecture of umbilical hernia in pigs.

ЗАЙЦЕВА О.И., ЛЕМЕШ В.А. — 2015 г.

У 42 линий удвоенных гаплоидов гексаплоидной тритикале, полученных в культуре пыльников in vitro, определен аллельный состав генов Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-B3, контролирующих реакцию на яровизацию и ассоциированных с адаптационной способностью, сроками созревания и урожайностью злаковых культур. По локусу Vrn-A1 выявлено два аллеля (Vrn-A1a и vrn-A1), по локусу Vrn-B1 – три аллеля (Vrn-B1a, Vrn-B1с и vrn-B1). Все удвоенные гаплоиды содержали рецессивные аллели локуса Vrn-B3. Выделены 12 линий яровой тритикале, характеризующиеся комбинацией аллелей, ассоциированных с ранним созреванием и высоким потенциалом зерновой продуктивности.

ГАФАРОВ Н.И., МАРУСИН А.В., СВАРОВСКАЯ М.Г., СТЕПАНОВ В.А., ТАЧЕЕВА Т.И., ХИТРИНСКАЯ И.Ю. — 2015 г.

Проанализированы частоты аллелей и генетическое разнообразие популяции телеутов по полиморфизму Alu-повторов в восьми аутосомных локусах (АСЕ, APOA1, PLAT, F13, PV92, A25, CD4, D1). Для сравнения в исследование включены ранее полученные данные по полиморфизму Alu-элемента в 19 популяциях коренных жителей Сибири. На дендрограмме генетических расстояний популяция телеутов располагается в кластере сибирских этносов, близких по происхождению, географии и культурным традициям.

ИЛЬЯСОВ Р.А., КАСКИНОВА М.Д., НИКОЛЕНКО А.Г., ПОСКРЯКОВ А.В. — 2015 г.

Представлены результаты анализа генетической структуры популяции медоносной пчелы в южной части Башкортостана по данным мтДНК (локус COI-COII) и пяти микросателлитным локусам ядерной ДНК (Ар243, 4А110, А8, А113 и А28). Полученные данные свидетельствуют, что исследуемые популяции пчел испытывают дефицит гетерозигот, несмотря на интенсивную межпородную гибридизацию, а также позволяют предположить локализацию в изучаемом регионе границы между популяцией Apis mellifera mellifera L. и гибридной зоной.